Impact of education on economic growth
  2
       Net present value of a 25-point increase on PISA
          Country                                   NPV 
          United States                   $40,647 billion
          Mexico                            $4,000 billion
          Turkey                            $3,500 billion
          Hanushek and Wößman (2010)
      Non-economic benefits of education
  3
       More educated students
          live longer
          are healthier
          have less disability towards the end of their lives
          are less likely to be teenage parents
          are less likely to be incarcerated
          are less likely to commit suicide
       Centre for Research on the Wider Benefits of 
         Education (www.learningbenefits.net)
      The world of work is changing
      Skill category                      Percentage change 1969-
                                                    1999
      Complex communication                         +14%
      Expert thinking/problem solving               +8%
      Routine manual                                –3%
      Non-routine manual                            –5%
      Routine cognitive                             –8%
      Autor, Levy & Murnane (2003)
      How flat is the world?
                                               Percentage crossing 
                                               national boundaries:
                                               1. 1%
                                               2. 5%
     A. Physical mail:                         3. 10%
     B. Telephone minutes:                     4. 20%
     C. Internet traffic:                      5. 50%
     D. First generation immigrants:
     E. University students:
     F. People, ever in their lives
     G. Goods and services:
     Mostly round; some flat bits (Ghemawat, 2011)
     Percentage crossing national boundaries
        Physical mail:                 1
        Telephone minutes:             2
        Internet traffic:             17
        First generation immigrants:   3
        University students:           2
        People, ever in their lives:  10
        Goods and services:           10