Acid-Base Titration
         
          The process of adding a strong acid or a strong base 
          to a titrate of acid or base with the purpose of 
          neutralizing the substance in the beaker
                                                       +          -
             Looking to reach equivalence point    mol H  = mol OH 
        Acid-Base Titration
        
         Generally done with a pH probe, which is used to 
         create a graph of pH vs. volume added
       H
       p
                       Volume added
             Determination of the Equivalence 
             Point
             
                Ways to find the equivalence point
                  1.  Can find it stoichiometrically using stoichiometry for the 
                      neutralization reaction
                                    +                -
                           mol H  = mol OH stoichiometrically
         Determination of the Equivalence 
         Point
         
           Ways to find the equivalence point
            2. Can find it graphically based on pH vs. volume graph
                When the titrate is neutralized completely by the titrant, 
                  the pH changes dramatically
                The midpoint of this dramatic change is the equivalence 
                  point – the middle of the area where neutralization is 
                  happening
         Use of an Acid-Base Indicator
         •  If the pH at the equivalence point is known, an 
            indicator can be used
            •  Want the pKa of the indicator to match the pH at the 
               equivalence point
            •  Indicator will then change color as pH changes 
               dramatically, giving visual end to the titration