Acid–Base Titration
         Titration 
         •      is a laboratory procedure used to determine the molarity 
                of an acid.
         •      uses a base such as NaOH to neutralize a measured 
                volume of an acid.
         •      requires a few drops of an indicator such as 
                phenolphthalein to identify the endpoint.
         Core Chemistry Skill  Calculating Molarity or Volume of an Acid or 
         Base in a Titration  
     General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e                                                             © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
     Karen C. Timberlake
         Acid–Base Titration
         In the following 
         titration, a specific 
         volume of acidic                                                            Base 
         solution is titrated to                                                     NaOH
         the endpoint with a 
         known concentration 
         of NaOH.
                                                                                    Acid 
                                                                                    Solution
     General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e                                                             © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
     Karen C. Timberlake
         Indicator
         The indicator phenolphthalein 
         • is added to identify the 
               endpoint.
         • turns pink when the solution 
               is neutralized.
     General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e                                                             © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
     Karen C. Timberlake
         Endpoint of Titration
         At the endpoint of the titration, 
         • the moles of base are equal to the 
               moles of acid in the solution.
         • the concentration of the base is 
               known.
         • the volume of the base used to 
               reach the endpoint is measured.
         • the molarity of the acid is 
               calculated using the neutralization 
               equation for the reaction.
     General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e                                                             © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
     Karen C. Timberlake
         Guide to Calculating Boiling Point 
         Elevation, Freezing Point Lowering
     General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e                                                             © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
     Karen C. Timberlake