Organizational Behaviour (OB) 
                       Material prepared according to the Textbook and Reference Books given in 
                                                                              the Syllabus 
                      
                               Subject Code                   : 18MPA11C 
                               Prepared by                    : Dr. C. Esther Buvana, 
                                                                Asst. Professor & Head 
                               Department                     : PG & Research Department of  
                                                                Public Administration 
                               Contact No.                    : 9840881638  
                      
                                                                                Syllabus 
                                                                                                                                                        
                           LEADERSHIP 
         
        DEFINITION 
         
        Keith Davis:  Leadership  is  the  ability  to  persuade  others  to  seek  defined  objectives 
        enthusiastically. 
         
        Koontz and O’donnell : Leadership is the activity of persuading people to co-operate in the 
        achievement of a common objective. 
         
        Terry: Leadership is the activity of influencing people to strive willingly for mutual objectives. 
         
        Seckler Hudson: Leadership in large organizations may be defined as influencing and energizing 
        people to work together in a common effort to achieve the purposes of the enterprise. 
         
        Barnard: Leadership refers to the quality of the behaviour of individuals, whereby they guide 
        people in their activities in an organized effort. 
         
        Mooney: Leadership is the form that authority assumes when it enters into process. 
         
        NATURE OF LEADERSHIP 
         
        An analysis of the above definitions reveals the following characteristics of leadership. 
             
          1.  Leadership is a process of influence exercised by the leader on group members.  A person 
            is said to have an influence on others when they are willing to carry out his wishes and 
            accept his direction.  A successful leader is one who influences the behaviour, attitudes 
            and beliefs of his followers. 
             
          2.  Leadership is a function of stimulation.  It involves motivating people to strive willingly 
            towards organizational goals.  A successful leader is able to subordinate the individual 
            interest to the common interests of the group.  He creates goal congruency so that people 
            enthusiastically work to attain the goals. 
             
          3.  Leadership gives a feeling of contributing to common objectives.  A successful leader 
            creates  an  environment  under which every person feels that he is contributing to the 
            attainment of organizational objectives.  He recognizes the efforts and activities of every 
            individual in the organization. 
             
          4.  Leadership is related to a particular situation at a given point of time and under a specific 
            set of circumstances.  This implies that leadership style will differ from one situation to 
            another. 
             
          5.  Leadership is a shared experience.  A good leader shares ideas, experience and credit 
            with his followers.  He lets the subordinates to influence his behaviour so that they are 
            satisfied with the type of leadership provided. 
           
        6.  Leadership is not headship or bossism.  Headship implies exercise of formal authority 
          and control whereas leadership involves use of persuasion to influence behaviour. 
           
        7.  Leadership is an ongoing activity in an organization. 
           
        8.  Leadership implies existence of followers.  By their willingness to be influenced by the 
          leader,  subordinates  formalize  the  leaders  authority  and  make  the  leadership  process 
          possible. 
           
        9.  Successful leadership leads to goal accomplishment.  Leader’s efforts to influence are 
          aimed at some level of achievement. 
        
       QUALITIES OF A LEADER 
         
        1.  Leadership is basically a personal quality.  This quality motivates the individuals to be 
          with the leader. 
        2.  Leader tries to influence the behaviour of individual around him to fulfill certain pre-
          determined objectives. 
        3.  Leader tries to influence the individual to behave in a particular way. 
        4.  There is a harmonious relationship between leader and individuals, which arises out of 
          functioning for a common goal. 
        5.  Leadership is a continuous process of influencing behaviour. 
        6.  Leadership is exercised in a particular situation.  The situations variable also affects the 
          effectiveness of the leadership. 
        
       TYPES OF LEADERS 
        
       FORMAL AND INFORMAL. 
        
       Leaders arise in many situations.  Even informal social groups have leaders when the groups 
       endure and become formal and persons are elected leaders. 
        
       Elected  persons  are  the  natural  leaders  of  the  groups.    Their  views  get  attention  from  the 
       members even without formal election but with elections those natural leaders are consciously 
       acknowledged. 
        
       Other members as being the best perceive informal leaders able to satisfy the group needs and 
       that the leaders therefore are enabled to influence other members. 
        
       INTELLECTUAL LEADER 
       Intellectual leaders are those who win the confidence of their followers by their superior intellect 
       of knowledge. 
        
        
        
       INSTITUTIONAL LEADER 
       Institutional leaders are those who holds his position because of post or prestige attached to his 
       office. 
        
       DEMOCTRATIC LEADER 
       He is one who always acts according to the wishes of his followers.  He holds his position 
       because he is loyal to his group and is always concerned with their interest. 
        
       AUTOCRATIC LEADER 
       He is one who dominates and drives his gang through coercion command and the instilling of 
       fear in his followers.  Such leaders love power and love to use it is promoting their own ends. 
        
       PERSUASIVE LEADER 
       He possesses a magnetic personality that enables him to influence his followers to join with him 
       in getting things done. 
        
       CREATIVE LEADER 
       He uses the technique of circular response to encourage ideas to flow from the group to him as 
       well as from him to the group. 
        
       LEADERSHIP THEORIES 
       Theories can be said as set of principles.   The following can be considered as Leadership 
       theories. 
         
       CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP THEORY.  
       Charismatic leadership theory is also called as “Great man Theory”.  Charisma is a Greek word, 
       which means gift.  This charisma is a god-gifted attribute in a person, which makes him a leader 
       irrespective of the situations in which he works.  
           
       The basic assumptions and implications of Great man Theory are – 
           
        a.  Leaders  have  some  exceptional  inborn  leadership  qualities  which  are  bestowed  upon 
          them by the divine power. 
        b.  These inborn qualities are sufficient for a leader to be successful. 
        c.  Since these qualities are inborn there cannot be enhanced through education and training.  
          Further since qualities are of personal nature these cannot be shared by others. 
        d.  These leadership qualities make a leader effective.