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2020 JUVENILE JUSTICE HANDBOOK
A Practical Reference Guide Including Updates from the 86th Legislative Session
REV 6/20
Table of Contents
I. Understanding the Juvenile Justice System in Texas ................................................................................................. 1
State Agencies that Address Juvenile Crime .............................................................................................................1
Texas Juvenile Justice Department (TJJD)................................................................................................................2
The Juvenile Justice System at the Local Level ........................................................................................................3
Juvenile Boards......................................................................................................................................................3
Juvenile Courts and Judges........................................................................................................................................4
Juvenile Court Referees and Magistrates...................................................................................................................4
Justice and Municipal Courts.................................................................................................................................4
Local Juvenile Probation .......................................................................................................................................4
Chief Juvenile Probation Officers..........................................................................................................................5
Juvenile Prosecuting Attorney...............................................................................................................................5
II. Steps in the Juvenile Justice Process.........................................................................................................................5
Definition of “Child” .................................................................................................................................................5
When a Child is Reported to a Law Enforcement Agency ........................................................................................6
Providing Warning Notices .......................................................................................................................................6
Taking a Child into Custody......................................................................................................................................6
Juvenile Confessions .................................................................................................................................................7
Written Statement or Confession...............................................................................................................................8
Recorded Statement or Confession............................................................................................................................8
Fingerprinting and Photographing .............................................................................................................................9
Law Enforcement Files and Juvenile Records.........................................................................................................10
Communicating Information to Schools..................................................................................................................11
Informal Disposition without Referral to Juvenile Court ........................................................................................12
Referral to a First Offender Program.......................................................................................................................12
Referral to Juvenile Court........................................................................................................................................13
The Intake Process...................................................................................................................................................13
Deferred Prosecution: An Alternative to Formal Adjudication ..............................................................................14
The Detention Hearing ............................................................................................................................................14
Criteria for Detaining a Juvenile..............................................................................................................................15
Detention Hearings for Status Offenders and Nonoffenders ...................................................................................16
Right to Legal Counsel ............................................................................................................................................16
Charging and Trying a Child in Juvenile Court.......................................................................................................17
Filing Charges Against a Child................................................................................................................................17
Service of a Summons .............................................................................................................................................18
Pretrial and Adjudication Hearings ........................................................................................................................18
Disposition or Sentencing........................................................................................................................................19
Disposition of CINS and Delinquent Conduct.........................................................................................................19
Progressive Sanctions Model...................................................................................................................................20
Disposition of Sexual Offenses................................................................................................................................20
What Happens After a Disposition Hearing? ........................................................................................................... 21
What Happens When a Child is Placed on Probation? ............................................................................................22
III. Offenses Tried by a Juvenile Court .......................................................................................................................23
Delinquent Conduct.................................................................................................................................................23
Determinate Sentencing...........................................................................................................................................24
Certification of a Juvenile as an Adult.....................................................................................................................25
IV. Parental Rights and Responsibilities .....................................................................................................................27
Entry of Orders Against Parents ..............................................................................................................................27
Enforcement of Order Against Parent .....................................................................................................................28
Rights of Parents......................................................................................................................................................29
V. Juveniles in Justice and Municipal Court ...............................................................................................................30
Taking a Child into Custody....................................................................................................................................31
Prosecuting a Child in Justice or Municipal Court ..................................................................................................32
Alcohol Violations...................................................................................................................................................33
Tobacco Violations..................................................................................................................................................34
Truancy Courts and Truant Conduct .......................................................................................................................35
Parent Contributing to Nonattendance.....................................................................................................................37
Appendix .....................................................................................................................................................................38
Endnotes ......................................................................................................................................................................41
I. Understanding the Juvenile Justice System in Texas
In 1973, the Texas Legislature enacted Title 3 of the Family Code, which formed the statutory
basis for juvenile law in this state. It was enacted with the following goals:
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to provide for the care and development of a child;
to remove the stigma of criminality from the unlawful acts of a child;
to separate a child from his or her parents only when necessary and to give the child
needed care; and
to provide a simple judicial procedure to ensure a fair hearing a nd enforcement of
constitutional rights.
The Family Code attempted to balance the needs and rights of children against the safety needs of
the community. Unfortunately, the 1973 Family Code was written for a different kind of juvenile
offender from the type we presently have. The Texas juvenile justice system at the time was not
fully equipped to deal with the number of juveniles committing offenses or with the extreme
violence frequently perpetrated by juveniles.
In 1995, the Legislature revised Title 3 of the Family Code by creating the Juvenile Justice Code.
This code was enacted with the following g oals:
to strengthen public safety;
to promote the concept of punishment for criminal acts;
to remove, where appropriate, the taint of criminality from children committing certain
unlawful acts; and
to provide treatment, training and rehabilitation that emphasizes the accountability and
responsibility of both the parent and the child for the child’s conduct. (§51.01, F.C.)
This Juvenile Justice Handbook provides an overview of the modern juvenile justice system in
Texas. It is intended for law enforcement, parents, educators and anyone seeking information about
the juvenile court process and the youth who become involved in the system. Part I introduces the
juvenile system, starting with the state and local agencies and officials who implement the law.
Parts II and III describe the system from the point when a child is first reported to law enforcement
authorities, through intake, adjudication, disposition and imposition of the court’s order. Part IV
describes a chapter in the Family Code titled zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBARights and Responsibilities of Parents and Other
Eligible Persons, and Part V reviews the types of cases involving children that are handled by
justice and municipal courts. These stepbystep descriptions will help the reader to understand
what happens to a child who becomes involved in the juvenile justice process. We hope this
handbook will be useful to anyone interested in learning more about our unique and innovative
juvenile justice system in Texas.
State Agencies that Address Juvenile Crime
In 2011, the two state agencies primarily responsible for the juvenile justice system were subject
nd
to a sunset review by the 82 Legislature. Because of that sunset review, the two state agencies
previously involved in the juvenile justice system – the Texas Youth Commission (TYC) and the
Texas Juvenile Probation Commission (TJPC) – were each abolished, a nd the Texas
1
Juvenile Justice Department (TJJD) was created. In addition, the Department of Family and
2
Protective Services (DFPS) and other state agencies have departments, pr ograms and/or services
Juvenile Justice Handbook 1 Office of the Attorney General zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
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