Ms. Nurazrin Jupri 
      DATA COLLECTION & 
      DATA PRESENTATION 
                                 Ms. Nurazrin Jupri 
    Sources of Data 
    • Primary data 
      • Specific information collected by the person 
       who is doing the research 
       
    • Secondary data 
      • Any material that has been collected from 
       published records 
      
                                                          Ms. Nurazrin Jupri 
       Types of Data and Variables 
                                                      Data/ 
                                                    Variables 
                                  Quantitative                         Qualitative 
                                   (Numerical)                        (Categorical) 
                                                                      Examples: 
                                                                      • Colour 
                                            Continuous                • Flavour 
                        Discrete                                                                                    
                                                                      • Gender 
                                                                        (Defined categories) 
                    Examples:              Examples: 
                    • Number of cars       • Profits 
                    • Defects per hour     • Weight 
                    • Accidents            • Speed 
                    (Counted items)        (Measured characteristics) 
                                       Ms. Nurazrin Jupri 
     Scale of Data Measurement 
     • Data can be divided into numerical and categorical data. 
     • Numerical data contains numbers that we can manipulate 
      using ordinary arithmetical operations.  
     • Categorical data can be sorted into categories.  
     • Data is classified as nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio.