REFERENCES
  1- V.K Mehta, Rohit Mehta “Principles of Electrical Machines, First Edition”, S. Chand  
       & Company Limited, 2002. (Chapters 10&11)
  2- B.L. Theraja, A.K. Theraja, “Electrical  Technology, Twenty-third Edition”, McGraw- 
      Hill, 2005.(Volume II (AC & DC Machines, Chapters 37 & 38)
  3- Stephen J. Chapman, “Electric Machinery Fundamentals, Fifth  Edition”, McGraw- 
      Hill, 2012. (Chapters 4&5)
  4- E. Fitzgerald, Charles Kingsley, Jr. and Stephen D. Umans, “Electric Machinery, 
      Sixth Edition”, McGraw-Hill, 2003. (Chapter 5)
    2
          Synchronous Machines
          Synchronous Machines
  :This chapter includes forty one topics, which are
           Synchronous Generators
 1. Introduction
 1. Introduction
   Types Of Synchronous Machines. 2
   Types Of Synchronous Machines. 2
 Construction of Alternator. 3
 Construction of Alternator. 3
 Speed and Frequency. 4
 Speed and Frequency. 4
 5. Alternator Operation
 5. Alternator Operation
 E.M.F. Equation of an Alternator. 6
 E.M.F. Equation of an Alternator. 6
 Armature Reaction in Alternator. 7
 Armature Reaction in Alternator. 7
 Equivalent Circuit of Cylindrical-Rotor Machines. 8
 Equivalent Circuit of Cylindrical-Rotor Machines. 8
 Phasor Diagrams of Unsaturated Cylindrical-Rotor Type. 9
 Phasor Diagrams of Unsaturated Cylindrical-Rotor Type. 9
    3
  Synchronous Machine Characteristics. 10
  Synchronous Machine Characteristics. 10
   Open Circuit Characteristic (O.C.C) 10.1         
  Short Circuit Characteristic (S.C.C) 10.2         
  Zero-Power-Factor Characteristic (Z.P.F.C) 10.3         
  11. Voltage Regulation
  11. Voltage Regulation
  The Synchronous Impedance Method 11.1         
   Rothert’s M.M.F or Ampere Turn Method 11.2         
  Zero Power Factor Method (Potier Method) 11.3         
  Operation of a Salient Pole Synchronous Machine. 12
  Operation of a Salient Pole Synchronous Machine. 12
  Effect of Salient Poles. 13
  Effect of Salient Poles. 13
  Two-Reactance Concept for Salient-Pole Machines. 14
  Two-Reactance Concept for Salient-Pole Machines. 14
  Power and Torque in Cylindrical-Rotor Machines. 15
  Power and Torque in Cylindrical-Rotor Machines. 15
  Power and Torque in Salient-Pole Machines. 16
  Power and Torque in Salient-Pole Machines. 16
  Power angle characteristic. 17
  Power angle characteristic. 17
    4
 Parallel Operation of Alternators. 18
 Parallel Operation of Alternators. 18
 Advantages of Parallel Operation of Alternators 18.1        
 Conditions for Paralleling Alternator with Infinite Busbars 18.2        
 Methods of Synchronization 18.3        
 19. Synchronizing Action
 19. Synchronizing Action
 Effect of speed change) i        (
         (ii) Effect of inequality of e.m.f.s.
 Synchronizing Power and Torque of Synchronous Machines. 20
 Synchronizing Power and Torque of Synchronous Machines. 20
 Effect of Load on Synchronizing Power. 21
 Effect of Load on Synchronizing Power. 21
 Sharing of Load Currents by Two Alternators in Parallel. 22
 Sharing of Load Currents by Two Alternators in Parallel. 22
 Alternator on Infinite Busbars (Distribution of Load). 23
 Alternator on Infinite Busbars (Distribution of Load). 23
          (a) Effect of Change in Excitation
          (b) Effect of Change in Steam Supply
    5
                Synchronous Motors
 Introduction. 24
 Introduction. 24
 Construction. 25
 Construction. 25
 Operating Principle. 26
 Operating Principle. 26
 Making Synchronous Motor Self-Starting. 27
 Making Synchronous Motor Self-Starting. 27
 Equivalent Circuit. 28
 Equivalent Circuit. 28
 Motor on Load. 29
 Motor on Load. 29
 Pull-Out Torque. 30
 Pull-Out Torque. 30
 Motor Phasor Diagram. 31
 Motor Phasor Diagram. 31
 Effect of Changing Field Excitation at Constant Load. 32
 Effect of Changing Field Excitation at Constant Load. 32
 Phasor Diagrams With Different Excitations. 33
 Phasor Diagrams With Different Excitations. 33
 Power Relations. 34
 Power Relations. 34
    6