METAPHOR
  • Metaphor is an important characteristic of 
   human. 
  • Human uses metaphor to explain abstract, 
   new, and difficult concepts. 
  • Widening meaning of metaphor can give 
   new meaning which is influenced by 
   personal interpretation forming socio and 
   cultural-based pattern. 
  HAMKA’s Biography Novel
  • A literary work has functions, among 
   other, describing some events and 
   psychological description in a society. 
   Event description in the literary work is 
   manifested through communicative 
   language to reach estethical objective 
   (A Teeuw, 1983: 12-15)
   Semiotics
   • Semiotics is the study of sign process. It 
    includes the study of signs and signs 
    processes, indication, designation, likeness, 
    analogy, allegorry, metonymy, metaphor, 
    symbolism, signifacation, and 
    communication
      Literary Work -Semiotics
          LANGUAGE                 LITERARY CODE               CULTURAL CODE
              CODE
                                                              • Related to 
      •                           • Related to the 
        Related to the              ruling specific             culture, custom, 
        whole ruling                things in literary          and norm which 
        system in                   works                       become 
        language                                                background in 
                                                                literary works
   Identification of the problems
   • Research in metaphor can trace literal and abstract 
    language symbols with widening new meaning that 
    is influenced by socio-cultural background. 
    
   • The concept of widening meaning is influenced by 
    personal interpretation and subjective feeling that 
    form socio-cultural-based pattern.
   • Language signs which include ikonisitas, indeksitas, 
    simbolitas with conceptual and metaphoric meaning 
    describe cultutal background of society.