Objectives
     Objectives  may  be  defined  as  final  result  of  an 
       organization  tries  to  achieve  in  a  specific  time 
       period.  Moreover, the objectives are a future oriented 
       and results  in  state  of  affairs.  It  helps  in  providing  to 
       make an organization in its attention and effort, basically 
       focused on a certain way.
          Advantages of objectives
          1.   An objective defines the purpose of an organisation
          2.   It helps in planning
          3.   It helps in decision making
          4.   It helps in co-ordination
          5.   It helps in motivation
        Management By Objectives [MBO]
                       Introduction
    The first original work on MBO can be found in Peter Drucker’s book, The Practice of 
     Management, published in 1954.
    MBO is a process which ideally begins at the top of the organization with the 
     establishment of specific organizational objectives.
    Then, at second level of the organization, managers working with their bosses, 
     establish objectives for their departments that are consistent with the organization’s 
     objectives.
    This procedure is repeated down to the lowest level managers in the organization.
    The value of MBO is that it communicates the mission, goals and objectives of the 
     organization to the lower levels.
    The lower level managers work out their plans and targets in consultation with their 
     subordinates.
    These are then sent to higher levels for consideration.
    MBO, thus, allows employees to participate in planning and control of their own work
    This involvement of employees increases their motivation and commitment to their 
     work.
           Management By Objectives [MBO]
                       Meaning
      Management by objectives (MBO) is a strategic management model that aims 
     to improve the performance of an organization by clearly defining objectives 
     that are agreed to by both management and employees.
     MBO is a method whereby managers and employees define goals for every 
     department,  project,  and  person  and  use  them  to  monitor  subsequent 
     performance.
     It    helps  to  improve  communication  between  employee  and  management, 
     increase employee understanding of company goals, focus employee efforts 
     upon organisational objectives and provide link between pay and performance.