Introduction
     • Management is universal in the modern industrial world and there is no 
      substitute for good management.
     • Without proper management, the resources of production ( men, machines and 
      materials, money can not be converted into production.
     • It is essential to convert the disorganized resources of men, machines, materials 
      and methods into a useful and effective enterprise. 
     • management is the function of getting things done through people and directing 
      the efforts of individuals towards a common objective.
                                                        definitions
                  According to Harold Koontz 
                 •  “ Management is the art of getting things done through and with formally organized groups “. 
                  According to Peter F. Drucker.
                 •   “ A Multipurpose organ that manages a business and manages managers and manages workers and works “. 
                  According to J.Lundy 
                 •  “ Management is what management does. It is the task of planning executing and controlling “. 
                  According to Lawrence Appley 
                 •  “ Management is the development of people and not the direction of things “.
                                            Characteristics of Management :
                •  Management is a group activity 
                •  Management is Goal 
                •   It is a Universal Character 
                •  Management is needed at all levels of the enterprise 
                •  It is a distinct function 
                •  It is a Social Process 
                •  System of Authority : 
                                           Evolution of thoughts of management
                   • Management thought is as ancient as human civilization, because the need for management has arisen ever 
                      since people stated forming into groups. 
                   • However, the study of how managers achieve results in predominantly a twentieth century phenomenon. 
                      The rich history of the management made it resourceful, varied and multi-dimensional. 
                   • Management is transient from time depending on the prevalent philosophies.
                   •  For the purpose of study it is divided into three stages, each covering different period and ideology of the contributors. 
                   •  a. Bureaucratic model – Max Webber – 1900 
                   •  b. Scientific Management – F.W. Taylor- 1910
                   •   c. Process Management – Henry Fayol – 1910
     • The Neo- Classical Theory : It consists of two streams of thought 
     • a. Human Relation Movement – Elton Mayo and Roethlisberger – 1930 
     • b. Behavioural Sciences Movement – Maslow, Mc Gregor – 1940 
     • The Modern Management Theories :It comprises three streams of thought 
     • a. Quantitative Approach – Taylor – 1950 
     • b. Systems Approach – Boulding, Johnson – 1950 
     • c. Contingency Approach – Lorsch, Lawrence