The Three Apprenticeships
                                    Cognitive – well covered through first year Socratic method
                                    Training for Practice
                                    Development of Professional Identity
                                         Professionalism, social responsibility, ethics
                                         Not well covered in American Law Schools.  Carnegie Report
                                         We ”become” lawyers – what we do is who we become. Bellow & Moulton
                                         Professional identity will be formed whether we are conscious or not
                                         Engaging in pro bono work can help form the professional identity
                                         Adults develop moral capacity over lifetimes, so law schools should include 
                                          relevant goals in establishing learning outcomes.  Neil Hamilton
                                 The Study
                                    Recording of 46 Student-Client Interviews
                                    Transcriptions of Recordings
                                    Analyzed Using Conversation Analysis 
                                 Conversation Analysis
                                    “the dominant approach to the study of human social interaction across 
                                     the disciplines of Sociology, Linguistics and Communication.” Tanya 
                                     Stivers & Jack Sidnell, Introduction to THE HANDBOOK OF 
                                     CONVERSATION ANALYSIS 1 (Jack Sidnell & Tanya Stivers eds., 2013). 
                                    Relies on the “close examination of language in interaction.” APPLIED 
                                     CONVERSATION ANALYSIS:  INTERVENTION AND CHANGE IN 
                                     INSTITUTIONAL TALK 1-2 (Charles Antaki ed., 2011).
                                    Does not involve any beginning hypothesis or intervention, but a careful 
                                     study of the transcripts to see what lessons emerge
      Lessons from the Transcripts
                                 Introductions
                                    Students are self-effacing vis-à-vis attorneys, asserting they are not 
                                     “allowed” to provide legal advice until checking with attorneys
                                    Students are self-promoting vis-à-vis clients asserting that they 
                                     (students) will control interview – ask, figure out, 
                                    IN 32 of 46 interviews, students begin with such introductions