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REFERENCING GUIDE
HARVARD, VANCOUVER and APA Referencing systems
CITING REFERENCES
When writing a piece of work you will need to refer in your text to material written or produced
by others. This procedure is called citing or quoting references. Consistency and accuracy are
important to enable readers to identify and locate the material to which you have referred. The
same set of rules should be followed every time you cite a reference.
At the end of a piece of work, list references to documents cited within the text. This list is
called a Reference List.
A Bibliography is a list of all documents and references consulted when writing the document.
REFERENCING STYLES
There are many different systems for citing references used in Publishing and Academic writing,
eg Harvard Referencing, Vancouver Citation Style, American Psychological Association (APA)
style, Modern Language Style (MLA).
Publishing
Publishers will have detailed information on their own preferred referencing style and this will be
outlined in the publisher’s own Instructions to Authors.
Studying
Similarly, if you are studying or undertaking further education with an Academic Institution they will
provide you with further detailed guidance on their referencing requirements.
HARVARD System of Referencing : Examples
Citation within the text
Name of author, year and page number are given in parentheses: e.g. A more recent
study (Stevens 1998, p.468) has shown the way theory and practical work interact.
Quotations:
Single page, use author year and p for page number, Brown 2010, p12
Page Range, Brown 2010, pp 12-15,
No page numbers, give section heading, Brown 2010, Section 1
If there are three of more authors, use the name of the first author et al, year.
If it is a reference to a newspaper article, the name of the newspaper is given: e.g.
More patients are availing of vaccination (The Irish Times 2001, p. 4)
If referring to a source quoted in another source, both are cited in the text: e.g. A study by
Jones (2001 cited Smith 1998, p.28) showed…….
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Reference List & Bibliography
References are listed in alphabetical order of authors’ names. If you have cited more than one
item by a specific author, they should be listed chronologically (earliest first), and by letter
(1993a, 1993b) if more than one item has been published during the specific year.
Book with one Author
Author Name, initial(s). (Year of publication) Title: Subtitle, Edition, Place of publication:
nd rd th st
Publisher. [2 , 3 , 4 ….editions only, not 1 ].
Innes, A. (2009) Dementia Studies: a social science perspective, Los Angeles: Sage.
Book with more than one Author
Author(s) name, initials. (Year of publication) Title of book: subtitle, Edition, Place of Publication:
Publisher.
Devitt, P., Mitchell J., Hamilton-Craig C. (2012) Clinical Problems in Medicine and Surgery, 3rd ed.,
London: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.
Book Chapter/Contribution
Author(s) name, Initials. (Year of publication) ‘Title of chapter/contribution’ in Editor(s) name,
initials. Of book containing the contribution, ed(s), Title of book: subtitle Place of Publication:
Publisher, page numbers.
West J. (2007) ‘Legislation, Regulation and Accountability in Prescribing’ in McKinnon, J ed.
Towards Prescribing Practice, Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, 167-194.
Journal Article
Author’s Name, Initials. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article’, Title of journal, Volume (issue)
Page numbers or ID number {if e- journal only}. available: doi /webpage {if e-journal} [accessed
date] { if e-journal but no doi}
Gargiulo, G., Windecker, S., Vranckx, P., Gibson, C.M., Mehran, R., Valgimigli M. ( 2016)
‘A critical appraisal of Aspirin in secondary prevention is less more?’,
Circulation, 134,1181-1906.
Newspaper article
Author’s Name, Initials. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article, Title of Newspaper, date, page no.
Electronic Newspaper. - Author’s Name, Initials. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article, Title of
Newspaper, available: library database or web address [accessed date].
Conference Paper
Author name, initials. (year of publication) ‘Title of conference paper’ in Chair of conference, eds.
Title of the Conference Proceedings, Location, date, place of publication, publisher, page numbers,
Available [web address or doi]. Accessed date.
Web Document with Author
Author(s) , Initials., (Year). Title, Title of Publication or Webpage, available: web address [accessed
date]
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Midland Regional Hospital Tullamore LibraryMRHT@hse.ie / 0 57 93 58393 Midland Regional Hospital Portlaoise LibraryMRHP@hse.ie / 057 93 96347
Regional Hospital Mullingar LibraryMRHM@hse.ie / 0 44 93 94467
Trauma Steering Group. (2018). A Trauma System for Ireland:report of the Trauma Steering Group,
Department of Health, available: http://health.gov.ie/blog/publications/a-trauma-system-for-ireland-
report-of-the-trauma-steering-group/ [Accessed 26th March 2018].
Tweet
Author name, initials (@username) year of posting. Full text of tweet [Twitter] date and time of
tweet, Available [web address] [accessed date]
Vancouver System of Referencing : Examples
In the Vancouver Style, which is also known as the numeric or the footnote/endnote system,
cited publications are numbered consecutively in the order in which they are first cited in the
text.
At every point in the text where a particular work is referred to, the number of the
reference is included
References are listed numerically at the end of document.
For up to six authors include all names; if there are more than six, give the first six
authors’ surnames and initials followed by et al
Periodical titles are commonly abbreviated.
Book with one Author
Author’s Surname Initials. Title, Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher; Year of Publication.
Kalanithi P. When Breath becomes air. London: Penguin; 2016.
Book with up to six Authors
Authors Surnames Initials. Title. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher: Year of publication.
Weick KE, Sutcliffe KM. Managing the unexpected resilient performance in an age of uncertainty.
2nd ed. San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons; 2007
Journal Article
Author(s) surname Initials. Title of article. Abbreviated Journal Title. Year of Publication, Volume
(Issue): Pages.
McAleer MA, Flohr C, Irvine AD. Management of difficult and severe eczema in childhood.
BMJ. 2012 345 e4470
Articles with 6+ authors, give first author followed by et al
Website
Authors. Title Place of Publication, Publisher: Year of Publication. [updated date; cited date].
Available from:
WHO, Air Pollution a leading cause of NCD deaths [Internet]. World Health Organisation: 2018.
Available from: http://www.who.int/airpollution/en/
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Midland Regional Hospital Tullamore LibraryMRHT@hse.ie / 0 57 93 58393 Midland Regional Hospital Portlaoise LibraryMRHP@hse.ie / 057 93 96347
Regional Hospital Mullingar LibraryMRHM@hse.ie / 0 44 93 94467
Tweet
Author Surname Initials or Twitter name. Text of entire tweet or, the first few words: Tweet URL
Year Month Day of Tweet. [cited year month day ] Available from: twitter account url.
ISS Research. ICYMI: A tool aboard the @Space_Station is helping scientists better understand
how black holes evolve: https://twitter.com/ISS_Research/status/1084930505429135369
[2019 Jan 14]. Available from https://twitter.com/ISS_Research
Note: These are examples only, please also refer to referencing guidelines provided by academic
institution or publisher
th
APA 7 ed. System of Referencing : Examples
The APA or American Psychological Association referencing system is widely used within the
Social Sciences and Behavioural Sciences. The most common style used is double spacing with
the first line left justified and an indent on the second and subsequent lines of 5-7 spaces. All
references are in alphabetical order by surname of author. All references end in full stop except
when reference ends with a URL or DOI.
Book with 2- 20 authors
Author Surname, Initals. (Year). Title in Sentence Case and Italics. Edition in round brackets
Publisher. DOI
Williams, C. (2012). Overcoming anxiety, stress and panic.
CRC Press.
Citation within a text: Williams (2012) discussed stress and worry….
Direct Quotes of less than 40 words, incorporate them into text and enclose quote with double
quotation marks with page number.
Books with multiple authors
2 -20 authors
List by their last names and initials, separated by a comma. Put & between the final two names.
20+ authors, enter the first 19 names, then three ellipsis points … then add the last name.
Waller,G., Cordery, H., Corstorphine, E., Hinrichsen, H., Lawson, R., Mountford, V. & Russell, K.
( 2007). Cognitive behavioral therapy for eating disorders: A comprehensive treatment guide.
Cambridge University Press.
Journal Article
2-20 authors List by their last names and initials, separated by a comma. Put & between the final
two names
21 + authors. Include the first 19 authors’ names, insert an ellipsis ... (but no ampersand), and
then add the final author’s name.
Author, Initial. (Year). Title of article. Title of journal in Italics and sentence case,
volume (in italics), issue, page numbers, DOI.
Van Manen,T.G., Prins, P..J.M., Emmelkamp, P.M.G. (2004). Reducing aggressive behavior in
boys with a social cognitive group treatment: Results of a randomized, controlled trial. Journal
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Midland Regional Hospital Tullamore LibraryMRHT@hse.ie / 0 57 93 58393 Midland Regional Hospital Portlaoise LibraryMRHP@hse.ie / 057 93 96347
Regional Hospital Mullingar LibraryMRHM@hse.ie / 0 44 93 94467
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