3.1 The meaning of 
   organization structure
   Organization's structure:
   The established pattern of relationships between the 
   component part of an organization, outlining both 
   communication, control and authority patterns. Structure 
   distinguishes the parts of an organization and delineates the 
   relationship between them.
   • Organizational design is the process of constructing and 
    adjusting an organization's structure to achieve its goals. 
    Organizational structure is the linking of departments and 
    jobs within an organization
   3.2 The dimensions of 
   structure
   • Specialization
   • Standardization
   • Formalization
   • Centralization
   • Configuration
   • Traditionalism 
   Four underlying dimensions:
   •  Structuring of activities
   •  Concentration of authority
   •  Line control of workflow
   • Support component
       3.2 The dimensions of 
       structure
       1.   Specialization: the extent to which there are different specialist roles and 
            how they are distributed.
       2.   Standardization:  the extent to which an organization uses regularly 
            occurring procedures that are supported by bureaucratic procedures of 
            invariable rules and processes.
       3.   Formalization :the extent to which written rules, procedures, instructions 
            and communications are set out for employees.
       4.   Centralization : the extent to which authority to make decisions lies with 
            the apex (top) of the organization. Decentralization refers to attempts to 
            push decision making down to lower levels in the hierarchy. 
       5.   Configuration : the shape and pattern of authority relationships; how 
            many layers there are and the number of people who typically report to a 
            supervisor.
       6.   Traditionalism : how many procedures are ‘understood’ in contrast to 
            being written; how commonly accepted is the notion of ‘the way things 
            are done around this organization.
   3.2 The dimensions of 
   structure
   • It is clear from this that structure is a multi-dimensional 
    concept such that organizations can be structured in many 
    different ways according to where they fit on the dimensions 
    above
   • Every organization has a unique structural finger-print.
   • There is also evidence to show that some types of structures 
    are a better fit with environments than others
      3.3 Models of structure
      1.   Bureaucratic structure 
      2.   Flatter structure 
      3.   Multifunctional structure 
      4.   Multidivisional structure 
      5.   Matrix structure
      6.   New organizational form (structures) :
          •   Networks
             •     Internal networks
             •    Vertical networks 
             •    Dynamic, loosely coupled networks
          •   The virtual organization