e-Business & e-Commerce 
          e-Business & e-Commerce 
              Trend & Technology for E-Business 
               Adapted from Source: Chimay J. Anumba and Kirti Ruikar, Fundamental  of E-
 1. The Gartner Advisory Group (Damanpour, 2001) consider a 
 business:  Business, 2008
 - an e-business to the degree that it targets the market opportunities of 
 conducting business under new electronic channels, which revolve around 
 the Internet.
 - e-business comes in many forms and can be implemented to a very small or 
 a large degree. It is also an acknowledgement that the ‘Internet’ is an 
 essential component of an e-business strategy
 2. Laudon and Laudon’s (2002) e-business: 
 The use of the Internet & other digital technology for organizational 
 communication,
 coordination and the management of the firm, encompasses these different 
 adaptations.  e-business is an electronic way of doing 
 business.
 3. (Laudon and Laudon, 2002; Unisys, 2004): 
 Narrow definitions of e-commerce as the process of buying and selling 
 goods and services online.
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          e-Business & e-Commerce 
           e-Business & e-Commerce 
                Adapted from Source: Chimay J. Anumba and Kirti Ruikar, Fundamental  of E-
               Business, 2008
 e-business should not be considered synonymous with narrow definitions of e-commerce 
 Then e-Business is defined broadly as the conduct of construction business 
 by electronic mean, fits with broad definitions of the term ‘e-commerce’ 
 exemplified by the definitions below: 
 1. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 
 (OECD):
 ‘The electronic exchange of information that support and govern commercial activities 
 including organizational management, commercial management, commercial 
 negotiations and contracts, legal and regulatory frameworks, financial settlement 
 arrangements and taxation’ (OECD, 1999).
 2. Learnthat (2004): e-Commerce is not just about buying and selling 
 online, but also includes all forms of business activities that are conducted 
 over the Internet .
 (e.g. the business-to-business flow of information between companies or within a 
 company, communication between businesses, online advertising, etc.).
 3. Kalakota and Whinston (1997): e-Commerce at its grass root level can 
 be described as an electronic method of doing business, typically over the 
 Internet. 
 Broadly: ‘e-commerce is a modern business methodology that addresses the needs of 
 organizations, merchants and consumers to cut costs while improving the quality of 
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 goods and services, and increasing the speed of services delivery’.
                Taxonomy (Business-to-
                Taxonomy (Business-to-
                             Business) 
                             Business) 
                Adapted from Source: Chimay J. Anumba and Kirti Ruikar, Fundamental  of E-
               Business, 2008
 Business-to-Business (B2B) is an electronic means of carrying out business 
 transactions between two or more businesses  incorporates everything 
 from manufacturing to service providers.
                                       B2B
                                   Business 
               B2C or                              B2A or 
                 C2B                                 A2B           A2A
       C2
        C         Consumer                          Administration
                                    C2A or 
                                      A2C
                                    C2A or 
                                      A2C
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              Taxonomy for e-Business
              Taxonomy for e-Business
                 Adapted from Source: Chimay J. Anumba and Kirti Ruikar, Fundamental  of E-
                Business, 2008
 Using Business-to-Business (B2B) model
 - Use Internet to place orders electronically, receive electronic invoices and make 
 electronic payments. Other examples include project extranets, e-Hubs and e-
 commerce applications which are covered (se Chaps 6, 8, 14)
 Using Consumer–to-Consumer (C2C) model
 -
  consumer e-auctions and blogs: may be no financial transaction but still an exchange 
 of value and these are economic activities and could be referred to as peer-to-peer 
 (Timmers, 2000). 
 -
  Blogs: led to the development of news C2B and C2C applications by presenting
 the opportunity and tools for virtually anyone to express their views easily and to 
 communicate these globally and inexpensively. For instance, Nano-publishing is an 
 application of C2C (and C2B) schemes using lowcost online publishing techniques such 
 as blogging (writing weblogs) to target a specifi c audience. Additionally, Podcasting, 
 video casting, and other blog-related technologies help to provide opportunities to 
 develop new economic systems and to generate alternative revenues.
 Using Administration–to-Administration (C2C) 
 model
 - government departments can nationally and or internationally communicate and 
 exchange classified information through dedicated portals. Typical examples include 
 the national DNA database and other policing information.                        55
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            Taxonomy for e-Business
             Taxonomy for e-Business
                Adapted from Source: Chimay J. Anumba and Kirti Ruikar, Fundamental  of E-
               Business, 2008
 Using B2C or C2B model:
 B2C: commercial transactions are between an organization and the 
 consumers (Chaffey, 2002). 
 -
  When applied to the retail industry, for instance, a B2C process will be 
 similar to the traditional method of retailing, the main difference being the 
 medium used to carry out business – the Internet. 
 Such a method of carrying out business transactions assumes that the 
 consumer has access to the Internet. Some examples of the B2C category 
 include Amazon.com and eBay.
 C2B: on the other hand, is a business model in which consumers offer 
 products and services to companies at a cost. This business model is a 
 reversal of traditional business model where companies offer goods and 
 services to consumers. 
 Online surveys such as Surveys.com is typical examples of C2B models, 
 where individuals offer the service to reply to a company’s survey and in 
 return the company pays the individual for their service.
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