An Introduction
           to the Geography
                      of Tourism
                           VELVET NELSON
                ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC.
                    Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK
       Contents
      . List of Illustrations xi
       Preface xix
       List of Abbreviations xxi
       PART I: THE GEOGRAPHY OF TOURISM 1
       1 Geography and Tourism 3
         What Is Geography? 4
         What Is Tourism? 7
         How Is Tourism Geographic? 8
         What Is the Place of "the Geography of Tourism" in Geography? 11
          Tourism and Regional Geography 11
          Tourism and Topical Geography 13
         Who Are Tourism Geographers? . 19
         Conclusion 21
         Key Terms 21
         Notes \ 22
       2 Basic Concepts in Tourism 23
         The Demand Side 24
          Tourism 24
          Tourists ' 26
          Tourist Motivations - 30
          Types of Demand 32
          Factors in Demand 36
        The Supply Side 39
          Tourism 39
          Tourism Attractions 40
          Tourism Industry 41
            vi CONTENTS
               Conclusion 44
               Key Terms 44
               Notes 44
               Sources 45
            3 Overview of Tourism Products 47
               Beach Tourism or Sun, Sea, and Sand (3S) Tourism 47
               Sex Tourism 49
                          ;
               Nature Tourism         52
               Adventure Tourism ~" 53
               Sport Tourism 54
               Rural and Agricultural Tourism 57
               Urban Tourism 60
               Cultural Tourism 60
               Heritage Tourism 62
               Visiting Friends and Relatives (VFR) Tourism 63
               Event Tourism 63
               Service or Volunteer Tourism 65
               Conclusion 67
               Key Terms 67
               Notes 68
               Sources 68
             PART II: THE GEOGRAPHIC FOUNDATION OF TOURISM 69
             4 The Historical Geography of Tourism 71
               Studying Historical Tourism 73
               Roman Tourism 73
               Religious Pilgrimages 75
               Spa Tourism 76
               International Tourism 78
               Scenic Tourism 81
               American Tourism 84
               Conclusion 88
               Key Terms 90
               Notes 90
               Sources 90
             5 The Transport Geography of Tourism 93
               Studying Tourism Transport 94
               The Evolution of Transportation and Tourism 95
               The Transport System 97
               Patterns of Movement in Tourism 105
               /Transportation and Destination Development 109
               New Directions in Research 111
               Conclusion 112
               Key Terms 113
                                            CONTENTS vii
           Notes 113
           Sources 114
         6 The Physical Geography of Tourism: Resources and Barriers 115
           Resources, Barriers, and the Tourism Resource Audit 115
           The Physical System, Physical Geography, and Tourism 117
              Meteorology, Climatology, and Tourism 118
              Hydrology, Oceanography, and Tourism 123
              Geomorphology and Tourism 125
              Biogeography and Tourism " 131
           The Impact of Global Environmental Change on Tourism 132
           Conclusion 134
           Key Terms 135
           Notes 135
           Sources 135
         7 The Human Geography of Tourism: Resources and Barriers . 137
           Cultural Geography and Tourism 137
           Urban Geography, Rural Geography, and Tourism 141
              Urban Geography and Tourism 144
              Rural Geography and Tourism , 147
           Political Geography and Tourism \ 150
           Conclusion 152
         .. Key Terms 152
           Notes 155
           Sources 155
         PART III: THE GEOGRAPHY OF TOURISM EFFECTS 157
         8 The Economic Geography of Tourism 159
           Economic Benefits of Tourism . 160
             Tourism Employment 160
             Income, Investment, and Economic Development 163
           Economic Costs of Tourism 168
             Tourism Employment 168
              Income, Investment, and Economic Development 170
           Factors in.Economic Effects 172
           Knowledge and Education ' 173
           Conclusion - 177
           Key Terms 177
           Notes 177
           Sources 178
         9 The Social Geography of Tourism 179
           Social Benefits of Tourism 180
              Personal Development 180
              Social Development 182
              Preservation 183