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january 2012 progressinphysics volume1 theupperlimitoftheperiodictableofelementspointsouttothe long version of the table instead of the short one albert khazan e mail albkhazan gmail com herein we present an analysis of the internal ...

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               January, 2012                                     PROGRESSINPHYSICS                                                    Volume1
                   TheUpperLimitofthePeriodicTableofElementsPointsouttothe“Long”
                                         Version of the Table, Instead of the “Short” One
                                                                        Albert Khazan
                                                                  E-mail: albkhazan@gmail.com
                                      Herein we present an analysis of the internal constitution of the “short” and “long”
                                      forms of the Periodic Table of Elements. As a result, we conclude that the second
                                      (long) version is more correct. We also suggest a long version of the Table consisting of
                                      8periods and 18 groups, with the last (heaviest) element being element No. 155, which
                                      closes the Table.
               1 Introduction                                                       All elements in the Periodic Table have been numbered,
               Many research papers have been written about the discov-         beginning with number one. These are the so-called atomic
               ery of the Periodic Law of Elements. Many spectacular ver-       numbers. Further, we will use our data about the upper limit
               sions of this law have likewise been suggested. However the      of the Periodic Table [2–4], when continuing both the short
               mainrepresentation of this law is still now a two-dimensional    and long versions of the Table upto their natural end, which
               table consisting of cells (each single cell manifests a single   is manifested by element No. 155.
               element). The cells are joined into periods along the hori-       2 TheshortversionofthePeriodicTable
               zontal axis (each row represents a single period), while the
               cells are joined into groups along the vertical axis (each col-   2.1   ThePeriods
               umnrepresents a single group). The resulting system is rep-      The Periodic System of Elements is presented with the Pe-
               resented in three different forms: the “short version” (short-    riodic Table (see Table 1), wherein the horizontal rows are
               periodversion); the “long version” (long-period version); and    known as Periods. The first three Periods are referred to as
               the “super-long version” (extended version), wherein each        “short ones”, while the last five — “long ones”. The ele-
               single period occupies a whole row.                              ments are distributed in the Periods as follows: Period 1 —
                  Our task in this paper is the consideration of the first two   by 2 elements, Periods 2 and 3 — by 8 elements in each, Pe-
               versions of the Periodic System.                                 riods 4 and 5 — by 18 elements in each, Periods 6 and 7 —
                  There are hundreds of papers discussing the different ver-     by 32 elements in each, Period 8 — by 37 elements. Herein
               sions of the Periodic Table, most of whom have been sug-         we mean that Period 7 is full upto its end, while Period 8
               gested by Mark R. Leach [1].                                     has been introduced according to our calculation. Each sin-
                  To avoid any form of misunderstanding of the terminol-        gle Period (except for Hydrogen) starts with an alkaline metal
               ogy, we should keep in mind that, in each individual case, the   and then ends with a noble gas. In Periods 6 and 7, within
               Periodic Law sets up the fundamental dependence between          the numbers 58–71 and 90–103, families of Lanthanoids and
               the numerical value of the atomic nucleus and the proper-        Actinides are located, respectively. They are placed on the
               ties of the element, while the Periodic System shows how we      bottomoftheTable,andaremarkedbystars. Chemicalprop-
               should use this law in particular conditions. The Periodic Ta-   erties of Lanthanides are similar to each other: for instance,
               ble is a graphical manifestation of this system.                 they all are “reaction-possible” metals — they react with wa-
                  OnMarch1, 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev suggested the first           ter, while producing Hydroxide and Hydrogen. Proceeding
               “long” version of his Table of Elements. Later, in Decem-        fromthisfact we conclude that Lanthanides have a very man-
               ber of 1970, he published another, “short” version of the Ta-    ifested horizontal analogy in the Table. Actinides, in their
               ble. His theory was based on atomic masses of the elements.      compounds, manifest more different orders of oxidation. For
               Therefore, he formulated the Periodic Law as follows:            instance, Actinium has the oxidation order +3, while Ura-
                  “Propertiesofplainbodies,andalsoformsandproperties            nium — only +3, +4, +5, and +6. Experimentally studying
               of compoundsoftheelements,haveaperiodicdependenceon              chemical properties of Actinides is a very complicate task
               the numerical values of the atomic masses of the elements”.      due to very high instability of their nuclei. Elements of the
                  Aftertheinternalconstitutionofeachindividualatomhad           samePeriodhaveveryclosenumericalvaluesoftheir atomic
               been discovered, this formulation was changed to:                masses, but different physical and chemical properties. With
                  “Properties of plain substances, and also forms and prop-     these, and depending on the length of the particular Period —
               erties of compounds of the elements, have a periodic depen-      each small one consists of one row, while each long one con-
               dence from the numerical value of the electric charge of the     sists of two rows (the upper even row, and the lower odd row),
               respective nucleus”.                                             —therateofchangeofthepropertiesissmootherandslower
               Albert Khazan. The Upper Limit of the Periodic Table of Elements Points out to the “Long” Version of the Table                45
               Volume1                                             PROGRESSINPHYSICS                                                  January, 2012
               in the second case. In the even rows of the long Periods (the       as Groups IVa, Va, VIa, VIII, which include by three ele-
               rows 4, 6, 8, and 10 of the Table), only metals are located.        ments of each respective long Period Ib, IIb, IIIb, IVb. The
               In the odd rows of the long Periods (these are the rows 5, 7,       mainsub-groupsconsistofthetypicalelements(theelements
               and 9), properties of the elements change from left to right in     of Periods 2 and 3) and those elements of the long Periods
               the same row as well as those of the typical elements of the        whicharesimilar to them according to their chemical proper-
               Table.                                                              ties. The auxiliary sub-groups consist of only metals — the
                   Themainsignaccordingtowhichtheelementsofthelong                 elements f the long Periods. Group VIII differs from the oth-
               Periods are split into two rows is their oxidation order: the       ers. Aside for the main sub-group of Helium (noble gases),
               same numerical values of it are repeated in the same Period         it contains three shell sub-groups of Fe, Co, and Ni. Chem-
               with increase of atomic mass of the elements. For instance,         ical properties of the elements of the main and auxilary sub-
               in Period 4, the oxidation order of the elements from K to Mn       groupsdifferverymuch. Forinstance,inGroupVII,themain
               changes from +1 to +7, then a triad of Fe, Co, Ni follows           sub-group consists of non-metals F, Cl, Br, I, At, while the
               (they are elements of an odd row), after whom the same in-          auxiliary subgroup consists of metals Mn, Tc, Re. Thus, the
               crease of the oxidation order is observed in the elements from      sub-groupsjoinmostsimilarelementsoftheTablealtogether.
               Cu to Br (these are elements of an odd row). Such distribu-         Properties of the elements in the sub-groups change, respec-
               tion of the elements is also repeated in the other long Periods.    tively: from up to down, the metalic properties strengthen,
               Forms of compounds of the elements are twice repeated in            while the non-metalic properties become weak. It is obvious
               them as well. As is known, the number of each single Pe-            that the metalic properties are most expressed on Fr then on
               riod of the Table is determined by the number of electronic         Cs, while the non-metalic properties are most expressed on F
               shells (energetic levels) of the elements. The energetic levels     then on O [5].
               are then split into sub-levels, which differ from each one by
               the coupling energy with the nucleus. According to the mod-         2.3   Electronconfigurationoftheatoms,andthePeriodic
               ern reference data, the number of the sub-levels is n, but not            Table
               bigger than 4. However, if taking Seaborg’s suggestion about        The periodic change of the properties of the elements by in-
               two additional Periods of 50 elements in each into account,         crease of the ordinal number is explained as the periodic
               then the ultimate high number of the electrons at an energetic      changeoftheiratoms’structure, namelybyanumberofelec-
                                                         2
               level, according to the formula N = 2n , should be 50 (under        trons at their outer energetic levels. Elements are divided into
               n = 5). Hence, the quantum mechanical calculations require          seven periods (eight according to our dates) in accordance
               correction.                                                         with energetic levels in electron shells. The electron shell of
               2.2   TheGroups                                                     Period 1 contains one energetic level, Period 2 contains two
                                                                                   energetic levels, Period 3 — three, Period 4 — 4, and so on.
               ThePeriodic Table of Elements contains 8 Groups of the ele-         Every Period of the Periodic System of Elements begins with
               ments. The Groups are numbered by Roman numbers. They               elements whose atoms, each, have one electron at the outer
               are located along the vertical axis of the Table. Number of         level, and ends with elements whose atoms, each, have at the
               eachsingleGroupisconnectedwiththeoxidationorderofthe                outer shell 2 (for Period 1) or 8 electrons (for all subsequent
               elements consisting it (the oxidation number is manifested in       Periods). Outer shells of elements (Li, Na, Ka, Rb, Cs); (Be,
               the compounds of the elements). As a rule, the positive high-       Mg, Ca, Sr); (F, Cl, Br, I); (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) have a sim-
               est oxidation order of the elements is equal to the number of       ilar structure. The number of the main sub-Groups is deter-
               that Group which covers them. An exception is Fluorine: its         mined by the maximal number of elements at the energetic
               oxidation number is −1. Of the elements of Group VIII, the          level which equals 8. The number of common elements (el-
               oxidation order +8 is only known for Osmium, Ruthenium,             ements of auxiliary sub-Groups) is determined by maximal
               and Xenon. Number of each single Group depends on the               electrons at d-sub-level, and it equals 10 for every large Pe-
               number of the valence electrons in the external shell of the        riod (see Table 2).
               atom. However it is equally possible to Hydrogen, due to                Asfar as one of auxiliary sub-Groups of the Periodic Ta-
               the possibility of its atom to loose or catch the electron, to      ble of Elementscontainsatoncethreecommonelementswith
               be equally located in Group I or Group VII. Rest elements in        similar chemical properties (so called triads Fe-Co-Ni, Ru-
               their Groups are split into the main and auxiliary sub-groups.      Rh-Pd,Os-Ir-Pt), then the number, as of commonsub-Groups
               Groups I, II, II include the elements of the left side of all Pe-   as main ones, equals 8. The number of Lanthanoids and Ac-
               riods, while Groups V, VI, VII — the elements located in the        tinides placed at the foot of the Periodic Table as independent
               right side. The elements which occupy the middle side of the        rows equals the maximum number of electrons at the f-Sub-
               long Periods are known as the transferring elements. They           level in analogy with common elements, i.e. it equals 14.
               have properties which differ from the properties of the ele-             APeriod begins with an element the atom of which con-
               ments of the short Periods. They are considered, separately,        tains one s-electron at the outer level: this is hydrogen in Pe-
               46                       Albert Khazan. The Upper Limit of the Periodic Table of Elements Points out to the “Long” Version of the Table
               January, 2012                                        PROGRESSINPHYSICS                                                       Volume1
                                                Table 1: The standard (long) version of the Periodic Table of Elements.
               Albert Khazan. The Upper Limit of the Periodic Table of Elements Points out to the “Long” Version of the Table                       47
       Volume1               PROGRESSINPHYSICS          January, 2012
                 Table 2: The suggested (short) version of the Periodic Table of Elements, up to No. 155.
       48        Albert Khazan. The Upper Limit of the Periodic Table of Elements Points out to the “Long” Version of the Table
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...January progressinphysics volume theupperlimitoftheperiodictableofelementspointsouttothe long version of the table instead short one albert khazan e mail albkhazan gmail com herein we present an analysis internal constitution and forms periodic elements as a result conclude that second is more correct also suggest consisting periods groups with last heaviest element being no which closes introduction all in have been numbered many research papers written about discov beginning number these are so called atomic ery law spectacular ver numbers further will use our data upper limit sions this likewise suggested however when continuing both mainrepresentation still now two dimensional versions upto their natural end cells each single cell manifests manifested by joined into along hori theshortversionoftheperiodictable zontal axis row represents period while vertical col theperiods umnrepresents group resulting system rep presented pe resented three dierent riodic see wherein horizontal row...

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