Programming in C Notes
                             Roshan Khatri
                             Junior Professor
                    Department of Computer Science and Engineering
                          Nepal Engineering College
                            November 11, 2016
                                 1
                      CMP 103.3 Programming in C (3-0-3) 
                       
                       
                      Evaluation: 
                                                 Theory                    Practical                  Total 
                                    Sessional    30                        20                         50 
                                    Final        50                        -                          50 
                                    Total        80                        20                         100 
                       
                      Course Objectives: 
                      The object of this course is to acquaint the students with the basic principles of programming and development of 
                      software systems. It encompasses the use of programming systems to achieve specified goals, identification of 
                      useful programming abstractions or paradigms, the development of formal models of programs, the formalization of 
                      programming language semantics, the specification of program, the verification of programs, etc. the thrust is to 
                      identify and clarify concepts that apply in many programming contexts: 
                       
                         Chapter     Content                                                                                    Hrs. 
                                1    Introduction                                                                               3 
                                     History of computing and computers, programming, block diagram of computer, generation 
                                     of  computer,  types  of  computer,  software,  Programming  Languages,  Traditional  and 
                                     structured programming concept 
                                2    Programming logic                                                                          5 
                                     Problems solving(understanding of problems, feasibility and requirement analysis) Design 
                                     (flow Chart & Algorithm), program coding (execution, translator),  testing and debugging,  
                                     Implementation, evaluation and Maintenance of programs, documentation 
                                3    Variables and data types                                                                   3 
                                     Constants  and  variables,  Variable  declaration,  Variable  Types,  Simple  input/output 
                                     function, Operators 
                                4    Control Structures                                                                         6 
                                     Introduction, types of control statements- sequential, branching- if, else, else-if and switch 
                                     statements, case, break and continue statements; looping- for loop, while loop, do—while 
                                     loop, nested loop, goto statement 
                                5    Arrays and Strings                                                                         6 
                                     Introduction  to  arrays,  initialization  of  arrays,  multidimensional  arrays,  String,  function 
                                     related to the strings 
                                6    Functions                                                                                  6 
                                     Introduction, returning a value from a function, sending a value to a function, Arguments, 
                                     parsing arrays and structure, External variables, storage classes, pre-processor directives, 
                                     C libraries, macros, header files and prototyping 
                                      
                      Pokhara University/Faculty of Science & Technology/Revised Syllabus-2012/Programming in C                                                          1 
                       
                                   7     Pointers                                                                                             7 
                                         Definition  pointers  for  arrays,  returning  multiple  values  form  functions  using  pointers. 
                                         Pointer  arithmetic,  pointer  for  strings,  double  indirection,  pointer  to  arrays,  Memory 
                                         allocation-malloc and calloc 
                                   8     Structure and Unions                                                                                 5 
                                         Definition of Structure, Nested type Structure, Arrays of Structure, Structure and Pointers, 
                                         Unions, self-referential structure 
                                   9     Files and File Handling                                                                              4 
                                         Operating a file in different modes (Real, Write, Append), Creating a file in different modes 
                                         (Read, Write, Append) 
                        Laboratory: 
                                       Laboratory work at an initial stage will emphasize on the verification of programming concepts learned 
                                       in class and use of loops, functions, pointers, structures and unions. Final project of 10 hours will be 
                                       assigned to the students which will help students to put together most of the programming concepts 
                                       developed in earlier exercises. 
                                        
                        Textbooks: 
                             1.   Programming with C, Byran Gottfried 
                             2.   C Programming, Balagurusami 
                                        
                        References 
                             1.   A book on C by A L Kely and Ira Pohl 
                             2.   The C Programming Language by Kerighan, Brain and Dennis Ritchie 
                             3.   Depth in C, Shreevastav 
                        Pokhara University/Faculty of Science & Technology/Revised Syllabus-2012/Programming in C                                                          2 
                         
                          Contents
                          1 Introduction                                                                                    7
                              1.1   Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          7
                              1.2   Types of Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           7
                              1.3   Basic Structure of a Digital Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .             7
                                    1.3.1   Operating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            8
                                    1.3.2   Utility Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          8
                              1.4   Programming Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .              8
                                    1.4.1   Low level Language       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      8
                                    1.4.2   High level Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           9
                              1.5   Compiler, Interpreter and Assembler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .             9
                              1.6   Traditional and Structured Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                9
                          2 Programming Logic                                                                             10
                              2.1   Understanding of problems, Feasibility and Requirement Analysis . . . .                10
                              2.2   Design FlowChart and Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .             10
                              2.3   Program Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           11
                              2.4   Testing and Debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          11
                              2.5   Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         11
                              2.6   Evaluation and Maintenance         . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     12
                              2.7   Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          12
                          3 Variables and Data Types                                                                      13
                              3.1   Constant and Variables       . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     13
                              3.2   Variable declaration in C      . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     13
                              3.3   Rules for writing variable name in C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           14
                              3.4   Input Output Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          14
                              3.5   Operators in C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         14
                                    3.5.1   Arithmetic Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          15
                                    3.5.2   Relational Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          15
                                    3.5.3   Logical Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         15
                                    3.5.4   Assignment Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .            16
                                    3.5.5   Conditional Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           16
                                    3.5.6   Bitwise Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         16
                              3.6   Operator Precedence in C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .           17
                              3.7   Simple Input Output Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .             17
                                    3.7.1   getchar() function     . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     17
                                    3.7.2   putchar() function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         18
                                    3.7.3   scanf() function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       18
                                    3.7.4   printf() function    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     18
                                    3.7.5   gets() and puts() function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         19
                          4 Control Statements in C                                                                       20
                              4.1   Branching Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          20
                                    4.1.1   if Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       20
                                    4.1.2   if..else Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .       21
                                    4.1.3   if..else if..else Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      22
                                    4.1.4   Nested if Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          22
                                    4.1.5   Switch Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         22
                                    4.1.6   The ? : Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .         23
                              4.2   Looping Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .          24
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