About The Tutorial 
          C is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative computer programming language 
          developed in 1972 by Dennis M. Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories to 
          develop the UNIX operating system. 
          C is the most widely used computer language. It keeps fluctuating at number 
          one scale of popularity along with Java programming language, which is also 
          equally popular and most widely used among modern software programmers. 
          Audience 
          This tutorial is designed for software programmers with a need to understand 
          the C programming language starting from scratch. This tutorial will give you 
          enough understanding on C programming language from where you can take 
          yourself to higher level of expertise. 
          Prerequisites 
          Before proceeding with this tutorial, you should have a basic understanding of 
          Computer  Programming  terminologies.  A  basic  understanding  of  any  of  the 
          programming  languages  will  help  you  in  understanding  the  C  programming 
          concepts and move fast on the learning track.  
          Copyright & Disclaimer 
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        Table of Contents 
          About The Tutorial ..................................................................................................................................... i 
          Audience .................................................................................................................................................... i 
          Prerequisites .............................................................................................................................................. i 
          Copyright & Disclaimer .............................................................................................................................. i 
          Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................................... ii 
        1. OVERVIEW .............................................................................................................................. 1 
          Facts about C ............................................................................................................................................ 1 
          Why Use C? ............................................................................................................................................... 1 
          C Programs ................................................................................................................................................ 2 
        2. ENVIORNMENT SETUP ............................................................................................................ 3 
          Try it Option Online .................................................................................................................................. 3 
          Local Environment Setup .......................................................................................................................... 3 
           Text Editor ................................................................................................................................................ 3 
           The C Compiler ......................................................................................................................................... 4 
          Installation on UNIX/Linux ........................................................................................................................ 4 
          Installation on Mac OS .............................................................................................................................. 5 
          Installation on Windows ........................................................................................................................... 5 
        3. PROGRAM STRUCTURE ........................................................................................................... 6 
          Hello World Example ................................................................................................................................ 6 
          Compile and Execute C Program ............................................................................................................... 7 
        4. BASIC SYNTAX ......................................................................................................................... 8 
          Tokens in C ................................................................................................................................................ 8 
          Semicolons ................................................................................................................................................ 8 
          Comments ................................................................................................................................................ 8 
          Identifiers ................................................................................................................................................. 9 
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          Keywords .................................................................................................................................................. 9 
          Whitespace in C ...................................................................................................................................... 10 
        5. DATA TYPES ........................................................................................................................... 11 
          Integer Types .......................................................................................................................................... 11 
          Floating-Point Types ............................................................................................................................... 13 
          The void Type.......................................................................................................................................... 14 
        6. VARIABLES ............................................................................................................................. 15 
          Variable Definition in C ........................................................................................................................... 15 
          Variable Declaration in C ......................................................................................................................... 16 
          Lvalues and Rvalues in C ......................................................................................................................... 18 
        7. CONSTANTS AND LITERALS ................................................................................................... 19 
          Integer Literals ........................................................................................................................................ 19 
          Floating-point Literals ............................................................................................................................. 20 
          Character Constants ................................................................................................................................ 20 
          String Literals .......................................................................................................................................... 21 
          Defining Constants .................................................................................................................................. 22 
           The #define Preprocessor ...................................................................................................................... 22 
           The const Keyword ................................................................................................................................. 23 
        8. STORAGE CLASSES ................................................................................................................. 24 
          The auto Storage Class ............................................................................................................................ 24 
          The register Storage Class ....................................................................................................................... 24 
          The static Storage Class ........................................................................................................................... 25 
          The extern Storage Class ......................................................................................................................... 26 
        9. OPERATORS ........................................................................................................................... 28 
          Arithmetic Operators .............................................................................................................................. 28 
          Relational Operators ............................................................................................................................... 30 
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