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                   DOI: 10.5400/jts.2012.17.2.173       J Trop Soils, Vol. 17, No. 2, 2012 : 173-180                                  173
                          Ecological Diversity of Soil Fauna as Ecosystem Engineers in
                                     Small-Holder Cocoa Plantation in South Konawe
                                                                    1*                            2                                3
                         Laode Muhammad Harjoni Kilowasid , Tati Suryati Syamsudin , Franciscus Xaverius Susilo
                                                                                            2
                                                                 and Endah Sulistyawati
                         1Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Haluoleo University, Kendari 93232, Indonesia,
                           2
                            School of Life Science and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia,
                        3
                         Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Lampung University, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia
                                       *                                                    
                                        Corresponding author. lohardjoni2@yahoo.co.id  Telp./Fax.: 0401-391692
                                                      Received 31 March 2012 / accepted 9 May 2012
                                                                       ABSTRACT
                    Taxa diversity within soil fauna functional groups can affected ecosystem functioning such as ecosystem engineers,
                    which influence decomposition and nutrient cycling. The objective of this study is to describe ecological diversity
                    variation within soil fauna as ecosystem engineers in soil ecosystem of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) plantation.
                    Sampling was conducted during one year period from five different ages of plantation. Soil fauna removed from soil
                    core using hand sorting methods. A total of 39 genera of soil fauna as ecosystem engineers were found during these
                    studies. Thirty five genera belong to the group of Formicidae (ants), three genera of Isoptera (termites), and one
                    genera of Oligochaeta (earthworms). Ecological diversity variation within ecosystem engineers was detected with
                    Simpson indices for dominance and evenness. The highest diversity of ecosystem engineers was in the young age
                    of plantation. This study reinforces the importance biotic interaction which contributed to the distribution and
                    abundance within soil fauna community as ecosystem engineers in small-holder cocoa plantation.
                    Keywords: Cocoa, diversity, ecosystem engineers, small-holder, soil fauna
                                     INTRODUCTION                                categorized  as  ecosystem  engineers  by  its
                                                                                 connection with their role to modify soil properties,
                        In terrestrial ecosystem, explanation impact of          and provide an available substrate for microbial
                   human activity on biodiversity mostly dominated               (Jones et al. 1994). Some studies used soil fauna as
                   by the studies from aboveground communities                   ecosystem engineers for ecosystem restoration (Butt
                   (Hooper et al. 2005). Currently, the new approach             et al. 1995; Butt 1999; Byers et al. 2006).  Earlier
                   proposed by Parker (2010) that biodiversity should            researchers in tropical environment were reported
                   not considered only on the number of species but              that earthworm, termites, or ant species had different
                   also functional groups of the species in the                  effect on soil properties (structure and aggregate)
                   community. In fact, belowground ecosystem and                 e.g. Blanchart et al. (1997); Decaëns et al. (2002);
                   functional group of species was neglected, because            and Hedde et al. (2005). Further, Barois and Lavele
                   of the absence of direct economical values (Decaens           (1986) found a mutualistic relationship between
                   2006) and ‘charismatic’ species of soil fauna (Susilo         micro  flora  and  earthworms  (Pontoscolex
                   et al. 2004).                                                 corethrurus) of exploitation organic complex in the
                        The soil fauna has an indirect effect on                 tropical soil. Straube et al. (2009) reported that the
                   economical values through their functional groups             presence of Dendrobaena octaedra and Octolasion
                   activity such as ecosystem engineers (Decaens et              tyrtaeum had different impact on density and
                   al. 2006). Some experimental studies showed that              diversity of soil micro arthropod, and Dauber et al.
                   soil fauna diversity strongly related to decomposition        (2008) reported that the presence of ant stimulated
                   and nutrient cycling through their functional groups          increasing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
                   activities as detritivorous, omnivorous, predator, or         density in grasses roots around.  The change within
                   ecosystem engineers (Swift et al. 2004). The soil             soil fauna community (as ecosystem engineers)
                   fauna including ants, earthworms, and termites are            could be influenced on soil structure, and activity
                                                                                 of soil microbe and micro-arthropod, which will
                                                                                 regulate on nutrient cycling in the soil (Osler and
                    J Trop Soils, Vol. 17, No. 2, 2012: 173-180                  Sommerkorn 2007). Consequently it will affect plant
                                                                                 productivity including fruit, grain, flower, fiber,
                    ISSN 0852-257X
                                                                           LMH Kilowasid et al.: Ecological Diversity of Soil Fauna in Cocoa Plantation
                             174
                               medicinal plant, oil, etc (Benckiser and Schnell 2007).                                                                             districts in South Konawe District, South East Sulawesi,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           0                              0
                               These facts indicate the importance of soil fauna                                                                                   which were located at 040 7’04.9’’ - 040 8’50.5’’ South
                               diversity as ecosystem engineers in regulation and                                                                                  latitude and 122015’02.8’’ - 122031’40.5’’ East
                               maintenance of stability of soil biota community,                                                                                   longitude. The rainfall average of the area study was
                                                                                                                                                                                                           -1                                                                      0
                               including as an indicator of soil quality and soil                                                                                  175.58 mm month , and air temperature was 26.74 C,
                               biological classification.                                                                                                          this data was obtained from weather station of Wolter
                                          In Indonesia, cocoa plantations cover about 1.75                                                                         Monginsidi Port Kendari.  The topography of the area
                               millions ha, and 1.64 millions ha are belong to small-                                                                              was with slope of 0 – 3%. Soil type in the area studies
                               holder farm (Directorate General of Estate,                                                                                         were included in Dystrudepts Typical sub-group (Soil
                               Agricultural Ministry, Republic of Indonesia 2011)                                                                                  Survey Staff  2010).
                               and most of the studies on belowground soil fauna                                                                                   Samples Collection and Experimental Designs
                               in cocoa plantation (cocoa agroforestry) focus on
                               its importance on conserving biodiversity (Delabie                                                                                             Determination of study site was conducted on
                               et al. 2007; Moco et al. 2009; Shahabuddin 2010).                                                                                   April 2009 by surveying different age of small holder
                               The study on the important of the behavior of soil                                                                                  cocoa plantation and it was decided to work on five
                               fauna as functional group in different age of cocoa                                                                                 different ages of plantation, that were 4, 5, 7, 10,
                               plantation is neglected. The objective of this study                                                                                and 16 age-years (Figure 1). In each site (different
                               was to describe ecological diversity variation within                                                                               age of plantation), samples were taken from the area
                               soil fauna as ecosystem engineers in the small holder                                                                               of 0.25 ha (50 m x 50 m). In each area it were
                               cocoa plantation.  Pricesely, (i)  to find out soil fauna                                                                           taken four soil corers with distance between one
                               diversity as ecosystem engineers in different age of                                                                                soil core and others were away of 10 m following
                               cocoa plantation; (ii) to find out the ecological                                                                                   the experimental design at Figure 2. Soil fauna was
                               diversity measurements for different habitat (age                                                                                   collected by soil cores by cylindrical stainless steel
                               of cocoa plantation);  and (ii) to find out the diversity                                                                           core with 20 cm in diametre  and 15 cm in soil depth.
                               status of ecosystem engineers in different habitat.                                                                                 Samples were collected at five times during one
                                                                                                                                                                   year period at 15 August 2009, 21 November 2009,
                                                  MATERIALS AND METHODS                                                                                            26 January 2010, 22 April 2010, and 13 June 2010.
                                                                                                                                                                              The soil fauna was removed from soil core using
                               Study Site                                                                                                                          hand sorting methods and preserved in 70% alcohol.
                                          This study was conducted in smallholder farmer                                                                           Identification was conducted following identification
                               cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) plantation which was                                                                                     guide from Hashimoto (2010) for ants, James (2000)
                               extensively managed at Konda and Mowila sub-                                                                                        for earthworms, and Tho (1992) for termites. Due
                                                                                                                                                                   to the limitation of key to species level, identification
                                               122015’0”E                                        122020’0”E                                        122025’0”E                                       122030’0”E
                                                S                                                                                                                                                                      POASIA S             LOCATION OF THE STUDY
                                                ”                                                                                                                                                                                   ”
                                                0                                                                                                                                                                                   0
                                                ’                                                                                                                                                                                   ’                       N
                                                0                                                                                                                                                                                  00
                                               04       PONDIDAHA                                                                                                                                                                   4                 W         E
                                                                                                                          SAMPARA                                                                                                                           S
                                                                                                                                                                                                 MANDONGA                                   2,500 1,250     0           2,500
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Meters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     SCALE 1:110,000
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         LOCATION INDEX SOUTH EAST SULAWESI
                                                S                                          SOUTH EAST SULAWESI                                                      RANOMETO                                                        S
                                                ”                                                    PROVINCE                                                                                                                       ”
                                                0                                                                                                                                                                                   0
                                                ’                                                                                                                                                                                   ’
                                               05                                                                                                                                                                                   5
                                                4                                                                                                                                                                                  04
                                                                                                LANDONO
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       LEGEND
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       AGE OF SMALL-HOLDER COCOA PLANTATION
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    0         0
                                                                                                                                                                                KONDA                                                      4  year  :  (long  : 122 31’01.7”E,  Lat  : 04 08’33.2”S)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    0         0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           5  year  :  (long  : 122 30’41.04”E,  Lat  : 04 08’50.5”S)
                                                                                                                                          SOUTH KONAWE                                                                                              0         0
                                                                                                                                             DISTRICT                                                                                      7  year  :  (long  : 122 30’47.7”E,  Lat  : 04 08’44.4”S)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     0        0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           10  year  :  (long  : 122 31’40.5”E,  Lat  : 04 08’34.4”S)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     0        0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           16  year  :  (long  : 122 15’02.8”E,  Lat  : 04 07’’04.9”S)
                                                S                                                                                                                                                                                   S
                                                ”                                                                                                                                                                                   ”
                                                0                                                                                                                                                                                   0
                                                ’                                                                                                                                                                                   ’
                                                0                                                                                                                                                                                   0
                                               01  LAMBUYA                                                                                                                                                                         01
                                                4                                                                                                                                                                                   4
                                                                                                                  PALANGGA
                                                       TINANGGEA                                                                                                                             LAINEA
                                                 122015’0”E                                       122020’0”E                                      122025’0”E                                       122030’0”E
                                                                                                                 Figure 1. Sampling site of the research.
                                                      J Trop Soils, Vol. 17, No. 2, 2012 : 173-180                                175
                                                                                             10 m
                                                                                                       10
                                                  Nov.21,                                  Aug.15,      m
                                                   2009                                      2009
                                            m
                                             
                                            0                          Jun.13,
                                            5                           2010
                                                  Jan.26,                                   Apr.22,
                                                   2010                                      2010
                                                                        50 m
                               Figure 2. Experimental designs for soil fauna sampling. Notes:    sampling point.
                  was done up to genera and it was also used for               as ecosystem engineers was collected from the
                  analysis of richness, dominance, and evenness. The           different age of cocoa plantation. Three groups of
                  data of each genera was transformed into number              soil fauna which were categorized as ecosystem
                  per square metre.                                            engineers were  ants, termites, and earthworms.
                  Measures of  Ecological Diversity and                        From the total of  genera of soil fauna were 35 of
                  Statistical Analysis                                         genera belong to Formicidae (ants), three genera of
                                                                               Isoptera (termites), and one genera of Oligochaeta
                       To measure ecological diversity were used               (earthworms). The highest richness was 22 genera
                  genera richness, and the indices from Shannon,               found in plantation aged 4 years  and the lowest
                  Simpson, and Camargo for dominance, evenness,                was 12 genera found in plantation aged 5 years (Table
                  diversity, and uniformity. Every of indices were             1). In Table 2 it shows ants from the genera of
                  calculated using the formula of Camargo (2008).              Solenopsis, Harpegnathos, Platythyrea, and
                  Univariate analysis of variance was used to detect           Proceratium, and earthworm from the genera of
                  variations in the value of the indices of ecological         Pontoscolex found at all age of plantation. Ants from
                  diversity among different age of cocoa plantation.           genera  of  Neivamyrmex,  Euprenolepis,
                  Comparison of each value of measures of ecological           Crematogaster, Olygomyrmex, Brachyponera,
                  diversity among different age of the cacao plantation        Cryptopone, and Mesoponera were found at the
                  was conducted with the Duncan test at the p < 0.05           younger age of plantation (between 4-5years age).
                  level.                                                       Leptothorax, Oecophylla, Atta, and Ponera were
                            RESULTS AND DISCUSSION                             found at the midle age of plantation (7 years), and
                                                                               Amblypone,  Camponatus,  Ephebomyrmex,
                  Genera Richness of Soil Fauna as Ecosystem                   Liometoprum, Pseudolasius and Veromesor were
                  Engineers                                                    found at the old plantation (10-16 years old). For
                                                                               termites,  genera  of    Coptotermes  and
                       During one year period of the research, a total         Pericapritermes were found in the plantation aged
                  of 828 individual consisting of 39 genera of soil fauna      of 4, 10, and 16 years, while the Hypotermes was
                            Table 1.  Number of genera of the soil fauna as ecosystem engineers from different age
                                      of small-holder cocoa plantation.
                            Taxa                  4 year          5 year         7 year         10 year         16 year 
                            Ants                    19             11              13             16              13 
                            Termites                 2              -               1              2               3 
                            Earthworms               1              1               1              1               1 
                            Total                   22             12              15             19              17 
                             
                            Age class:  4 and 5 year = young  plantation, 7 year = middle plantation, and 10 and 16 year = old plantation.
                                  LMH Kilowasid et al.: Ecological Diversity of Soil Fauna in Cocoa Plantation
             176
              only found in the oldest of the plantation (16 year).      These phenomena are very commonly observed in
              For earthworms, only Pontoscolex was found in all          the plantation areas in tropical regions (Moco et al.
              age of the plantations.                                    2009; Turner and Foster 2009). The dominance of
                   The results showed that the richness of the ant       ants in the soil macro-fauna community were caused
              genera was higher than termites and earthworms.            by a number of  functional properties of them,
                     Table 2.  Ants, termites, and earthworms collected from different age of small-holder
                               cocoa plantation.
                                Genera                                Age of cocoa plantation (years) 
                                                         4            5          7             10             16 
                       Ants                                                                                      
                       Liometoprum                       -            -          -             1               - 
                       Tapinoma                          1            1          -             1               - 
                       Neivamyrmex                       1            -          -             -               - 
                       Camponatus                        -            -          -             1               - 
                       Euprenolepis                      1            1          -             -               - 
                       Oecophylla                        -            -          1             -               - 
                       Pseudolasius                      -            -          -             -               1 
                       Cardiocondela                     1            -          -             1               - 
                       Crematogaster                     1            -          -             -               - 
                       Ephebomyrmex                      -            -          -             1               - 
                       Leptothorax                       -            -          1             -               - 
                       Monomorium                        -            -          1             1               - 
                       Olygomyrmex                       -            1          -             -               - 
                       Pheidole                          1            -          1             -               1 
                       Pogonomyrmex                      1            -          -             1               - 
                       Prystomyrmex                      1            1          -             -               1 
                       Solenopsis                        1            1          1             1               1 
                       Tetramorium                       1            -          -             1               - 
                       Veromesor                         -            -          -             -               1 
                       Amblypone                         -            -          -             1               - 
                       Atta                              -            -          1             -               - 
                       Brachyponera                      1            -          -             -               - 
                       Centromyrmex                      1            -          1             1               1 
                       Cryptopone                        1            -          -             -               - 
                       Discothyrea                       -            1          -             -               1 
                       Emyryopone                        1            1          -             -               1 
                       Hypoponera                        1            -          1             1               - 
                       Mesoponera                        1            -          -             -               - 
                       Harpegnathos                      1            1          1             1               1 
                       Pachycondyla                      -            1          -             -               1 
                       Platythyrea                       1            1          1             1               1 
                       Ponera                            -            -          1             -               - 
                       Prionopelta                       -            -          -             -               1 
                       Proceratium                       1            1          1             1               1 
                       Pseudomyrmex                      -            -          1             1               - 
                       Termites                                                                                  
                       Coptotermes                       1            -          1             1               1 
                       Hypotermes                        -            -          -             -               1 
                       Pericapritermes                   1            -          -             1               1 
                       Earthworms                                                                                
                       Pontoscolex                       1            1          1             1               1 
                     Notes: (-) absent, (1) present.
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...Available online at http journal unila ac id index php tropicalsoil doi jts j trop soils vol no ecological diversity of soil fauna as ecosystem engineers in small holder cocoa plantation south konawe laode muhammad harjoni kilowasid tati suryati syamsudin franciscus xaverius susilo and endah sulistyawati department agrotechnology faculty agriculture haluoleo university kendari indonesia school life science technology institut teknologi bandung west java lampung bandar corresponding author lohardjoni yahoo co telp fax received march accepted may abstract taxa within functional groups can affected functioning such which influence decomposition nutrient cycling the objective this study is to describe variation theobroma cacao l sampling was conducted during one year period from five different ages removed core using hand sorting methods a total genera were found these studies thirty belong group formicidae ants three isoptera termites oligochaeta earthworms detected with simpson indices f...

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