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                                      GENDER EQUALITY: GLOSSARY OF TERMS               AND CONCEPTS 
                                         GENDER EQUALITY 
                                                             
                         Glossary of Terms and Concepts 
                                                               UNICEF Regional Office for South Asia 
                                                                                           November 2017 
                         
                                         
                                                       Rui Nomoto    
                                                               
                                                  GENDER EQUALITY: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND CONCEPTS 
             
                                                                        
              GLOSSARY                                                  
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                        
                                                                       freedoms in the political, economic, social, 
                  a                                                    cultural, civil or any other field” [United Nations, 
                                                                       1979. ‘Convention on the Elimination of all forms 
            AA-HA! Accelerated Action for the Health of                of Discrimination Against Women,’ Article 1]. 
                                                                        
            Adolescents                                                Discrimination can stem from both law (de jure) or 
            A global partnership, led by WHO and of which              from practice (de facto). The CEDAW Convention 
            UNICEF is a partner, that offers guidance in the           recognizes and addresses both forms of 
            country context on adolescent health and                   discrimination, whether contained in laws, 
            development and puts a spotlight on adolescent             policies, procedures or practice. 
            health in regional and global health agendas.               
                                                                           •   de jure discrimination 
            Adolescence                                                        e.g., in some countries, a woman is not 
            The second decade of life, from the ages of 10-                    allowed to leave the country or hold a job 
            19. Young adolescence is the age of 10-14 and                      without the consent of her husband. 
            late adolescence age 15-19. This period between                     
            childhood and adulthood is a pivotal opportunity to            •   de facto discrimination 
            consolidate any loss/gain made in early                            e.g., a man and woman may hold the 
            childhood. All too often adolescents - especially                  same job position and perform the same 
            girls - are endangered by violence, limited by a                   duties, but their benefits may differ. 
            lack of quality education and unable to access                      
                                   i
            critical health services. UNICEF focuses on                 
            helping adolescents navigate risks and                              
            vulnerabilities and take advantage of                            e 
            opportunities.                                                      
                                                                        
            Adolescent Health in All Policies (AHiAP)                  Empowerment 
            An approach to public policies across sectors that         Refers to increasing the personal, political, social 
            systematically takes into account the implications         or economic strength of individuals and 
            of decisions for adolescent health, avoids harmful         communities. Empowerment of women and girls 
            effects and seeks synergies – to improve                   concerns women and girls gaining power and 
            adolescent health and health equity. A strategy            control over their own lives. It involves 
            that facilitates the formulation of adolescent-            awareness-raising, building self-confidence, 
            responsive public policies in all sectors, and not         expansion of choices, increased access to and 
                                         ii                            control over resources and actions to transform 
            just within the health sector.                             the structures and institutions which reinforce and 
                                                                       perpetuate gender discrimination and inequality. 
                                                                        
                   d                                                   The core of empowerment lies in the ability of a 
                                                                       person to control their own destiny. This implies 
                                                                       that to be empowered women and girls must not 
            Discrimination (gender discrimination)                     only have equal capabilities (such as education 
                                                                       and health) and equal access to resources and 
            “Any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on         opportunities (such as land and employment), but 
            the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of 
            impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment         they must also have the agency to use these 
            or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital        rights, capabilities, resources and opportunities to 
            status, on the basis of equality of men and                make strategic choices and decisions (such as is 
            women, of human rights and fundamental  
            1          
             
                                                 GENDER EQUALITY: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND CONCEPTS 
             
            provided through leadership opportunities and            boys in certain situations or contexts. Gender 
                                               iii
            participation in political institutions).                analysis examines the relationships between 
                                                                     females and males and their access to and 
                                                                     control of resources and the constraints they face 
                  g                                                  relative to each other. A gender analysis should 
                                                                     be integrated into the humanitarian needs 
                                                                     assessment and in all sector assessments or 
            Gender Action Plan (GAP)                                 situational analyses to ensure that gender-based 
            The UNICEF Gender Action Plan serves to                  injustices and inequalities are not exacerbated by 
            reinforce the commitments to gender found in the         humanitarian interventions, and that when 
                                                                     possible, greater equality and justice in gender 
            organization’s periodic strategic plans. The                                    v
            first GAP covered the five-year period 2014-2017         relations are promoted.   
            and the second GAP will cover 2018-2021. The              
            document specifies how UNICEF intends to                 Gender balance 
            promote gender equality across all of the                This is a human resource issue calling for equal 
                                                                     participation of women and men in all areas of 
            organization’s work at global, regional and country      work (international and national staff at all levels, 
            levels, in alignment with the UNICEF Strategic           including at senior positions) and in programmes 
            Plan. The 2018-2021 GAP also serves as                   that agencies initiate or support (e.g. food 
            UNICEF’s roadmap for supporting the                      distribution programmes). Achieving a balance in 
            achievement of gender equality goals as outlined         staffing patterns and creating a working 
            in Agenda 2030 and the Sustainable                       environment that is conducive to a diverse 
            Development Goals (SDGs) during the period.              workforce improves the overall effectiveness of 
                                                                     our policies and programmes, and will enhance 
            Gender 
                                                                     agencies’ capacity to better serve the entire 
            A social and cultural construct, which                              vi
            distinguishes differences in the attributes of men       population.  
            and women, girls and boys, and accordingly                
            refers to the roles and responsibilities of men and      Gender-based constraints 
            women. Gender-based roles and other attributes,          Constraints that women or men face that are a 
            therefore, change over time and vary with                result of their gender. An example of constraints 
            different cultural contexts. The concept of gender       women farmers face might be not having title to 
            includes the expectations held about the                 their land, male dominated cooperative 
            characteristics, aptitudes and likely behaviours of      membership, being more tied to their homes 
            both women and men (femininity and masculinity).         preventing access to extension services. 
            This concept is useful in analyzing how commonly         Constraints that are not based on gender are 
                                                                                                       vii
            shared practices legitimize discrepancies between        referred to as general constraints.  
                  iv                                                  
            sexes.                                                   Gender-based violence (GBV) 
                                                                     An umbrella term for any harmful act that is 
            Gender accommodating 
            Similar to the concept of gender sensitivity,            perpetrated against a person’s will and that is 
            gender accommodating means not only being                based on socially ascribed (gender) differences 
            aware of gender differences but also adjusting           between females and males. The nature and 
            and adapting to those differences. However,              extent of specific types of GBV vary across 
            gender accommodating does not address the                cultures, countries and regions. Examples include 
            inequalities generated by unequal norms, roles           sexual violence, including sexual 
            and relations (i.e., no remedial or transformative       exploitation/abuse and forced prostitution, 
            action is developed).                                    domestic violence, trafficking, forced/early 
                                                                     marriage, harmful traditional practices such as 
                                                                     female genital mutilation, honour killings and 
            Gender analysis                                                             viii
            A critical examination of how differences in             widow inheritance.  
            gender roles, activities, needs, opportunities and        
            rights/entitlements affect men, women, girls and 
            2          
             
                                                     GENDER EQUALITY: GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND CONCEPTS 
              
             Gender-based violence in emergencies                          Gender disparities 
             (GBViE)                                                       Statistical differences (often referred to as “gaps”) 
             In emergencies, such as conflict or natural                   between men and women, boys and girls that 
             disasters, the risk of violence, exploitation and             reflect an inequality in some quantity.  
             abuse is heightened, particularly for women and                
                  ix                                                       Gender equality 
             girls.  At the same time, national systems and 
             community and social support networks may                     The concept that women and men, girls and boys 
             weaken. An environment of impunity may mean                   have equal conditions, treatment and 
             that perpetrators are not held to account. Pre-               opportunities for realizing their full potential, 
             existing gender inequalities may be exacerbated.              human rights and dignity, and for contributing to 
             Women and adolescent girls are often at                       (and benefitting from) economic, social, cultural 
             particular risk of sexual violence, exploitation and          and political development. Gender equality is, 
             abuse, forced or early marriage, denial of                    therefore, the equal valuing by society of the 
             resources and harmful traditional practices. Men              similarities and the differences of men and 
             and boys may also be survivors. GBV has                       women, and the roles they play. It is based on 
             significant and long-lasting impacts on the health            women and men being full partners in the home, 
             and psychological, social and economic well-                  community and society. Equality does not mean 
                                                    x                      that women and men will become the same but 
             being of survivors and their families.  
                                                                           that women’s and men’s rights, responsibilities 
             Gender bias                                                   and opportunities will not depend on whether they 
             Making decisions based on gender that result in               are born male or female.  
             favoring one gender over the other which often                 
             results in contexts that are favoring men and/or              Gender equality implies that the interests, needs 
             boys over women and/or girls.                                 and priorities of both women and men and girls 
                                                                           and boys are taken into consideration, 
                                                                           recognizing the diversity of different groups and 
             Gender-biased sex selection                                   that all human beings are free to develop their 
                                                                           personal abilities and make choices without the 
             “Sex selection can take place before a pregnancy              limitations set by stereotypes and prejudices 
             is established, during pregnancy through prenatal             about gender roles. Gender equality is a matter of 
             sex detection and selective abortion, or following            human rights and is considered a precondition for, 
             birth through infanticide or child neglect. Sex               and indicator of, sustainable people-centred 
             selection is sometimes used for family balancing              development. 
             purposes but far more typically occurs because of              
             a systematic preference for boys. The biologically 
             normal sex ratio at birth ranges from 102 to 106              Gender equity 
             males per 100 females. However, ratios higher                 The process of being fair to men and women, 
             than normal – sometimes as high as 130 – have                 boys and girls, and importantly the equality of 
             been observed. This is now causing increasing                 outcomes and results. Gender equity may involve 
             concern in some South Asian, East Asian and                   the use of temporary special measures to 
                                       xi
             Central Asian countries. ” (See: son preference.)             compensate for historical or systemic bias or 
                                                                           discrimination. It refers to differential treatment 
             Gender blindness                                              that is fair and positively addresses a bias or 
             The failure to recognize that the roles and                   disadvantage that is due to gender roles or norms 
             responsibilities of men/boys and women/girls are              or differences between the sexes. Equity ensures 
             given to them in specific social, cultural, economic          that women and men and girls and boys have an 
             and political contexts and backgrounds. Projects,             equal chance, not only at the starting point, but 
             programmes, policies and attitudes which are                  also when reaching the finishing line. It is about 
             gender blind do not take into account these                   the fair and just treatment of both sexes that takes 
             different roles and diverse needs, maintain status            into account the different needs of the men and 
             quo, and will not help transform the unequal                  women, cultural barriers and (past) discrimination 
                                            xii                                                  xiii
             structure of gender relations.                                of the specific group.   
                                                                            
             3          
              
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