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Nutrition
and Athletic
Performance
Position of Dietitians of
Canada, the Academy
of Nutrition and Dietetics
and the American College
of Sports Medicine
February 2016
Revised December 2016
Copyright © 2016 by Dietitians of Canada, the Academy of Nutrition and
Dietetics and the American College of Sports Medicine; including revision –
December 2016 (p 34; per p 45). All rights reserved. Permission to reprint in
its entirety. For noncommercial use only.
Concurrent publication of this joint position paper:
- DC website www.dietitians.ca/sports
- Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research
(abstract, position statement)
- Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
- Medicine & Science in Sports and Exercise®
www.dietitians.ca I www.dietetistes.ca
Nutrition and Athletic POSITION STATEMENT
Performance It is the position of Dietitians of Canada, the Academy
of Nutrition and Dietetics and the American College of
Sports Medicine that the performance of, and recovery
Position of Dietitians of from, sporting activities are enhanced by well-chosen
Canada, the Academy nutrition strategies. These organizations provide
guidelines for the appropriate type, amount and timing
of Nutrition and Dietetics of intake of food, fluids and dietary supplements to
and the American College of promote optimal health and sport performance across
different scenarios of training and competitive sport.
Sports Medicine
This paper outlines the current energy, nutrient,
and fluid recommendations for active adults and
ABSTRACT competitive athletes. These general recommendations
can be adjusted by sports dietitians to accommodate
It is the position of Dietitians of Canada, the Academy the unique issues of individual athletes regarding
of Nutrition and Dietetics and the American College of health, nutrient needs, performance goals, physique
Sports Medicine that the performance of, and recovery characteristics (i.e., body size, shape, growth, and
from, sporting activities are enhanced by well-chosen composition), practical challenges and food
nutrition strategies. These organizations provide preferences.
guidelines for the appropriate type, amount, and timing
of intake of food, fluids, and supplements to promote Access the Position Paper Nutrition and Athletic
optimal health and performance across different Performance at: www.dietitians.ca/sports.
scenarios of training and competitive sport.
This position paper was prepared for members of
Dietitians of Canada (DC), the Academy of Nutrition and
Dietetics (Academy) and the American College of
Sports Medicine (ACSM), other professional
associations, government agencies, industry, and the
public. It outlines the stance of DC, the Academy and
ACSM on nutrition factors that have been determined
to influence athletic performance and emerging trends
in the field of sports nutrition. Athletes should be
referred to a registered dietitian/nutritionist for a
personalized nutrition plan. In the United States and in
Canada, the Certified Specialist in Sports Dietetics
(CSSD) is a registered dietitian/nutritionist and a
credentialed sports nutrition expert.
DIETITIANS OF CANADA PAGE 1
I
La nutrition et la ÉNONCÉ DE POSITION
performance athlétique Les diététistes du Canada, l'Academy of Nutrition and
Dietetics et l'American College of Sports Medicine sont
d'avis que des stratégies de nutrition soigneusement
Position des Diététistes du sélectionnées améliorent les performances sportives et
Canada, de l'Academy of la récupération à la suite d’activités physiques. Ces
organismes proposent des lignes directrices quant au
Nutrition and Dietetics et de type et à la quantité d'aliments, de liquides et de
l'American College of Sports suppléments alimentaires à consommer et au moment
approprié des apports pour favouriser une santé et
Medicine une performance optimales dans divers scénarios
d'entraînement et de sports de compétition.
RÉSUMÉ Ce document décrit les recommandations
actuelles en matière d'apport en énergie, en nutriments
Les diététistes du Canada, l'Academy of Nutrition and et en liquides pour les adultes actifs et les athlètes de
Dietetics et l'American College of Sports Medicine sont compétition. Ces recommandations générales peuvent
d'avis que des stratégies de nutrition soigneusement être ajustées par les diététistes du sport afin de
sélectionnées améliorent les performances sportives et convenir aux situations uniques des athlètes sur le
la récupération à la suite d’activités physiques. Ces plan de la santé, des besoins en nutriments, des
organismes proposent des lignes directrices quant au objectifs de performance, des caractéristiques
type et à la quantité d'aliments, de liquides et de physiques (c.-à-d., taille, forme, croissance et
suppléments à consommer et au moment approprié composition du corps), des défis pratiques et des
des apports pour favouriser une santé et une préférences alimentaires.
performance optimales dans divers scénarios Accédez à l'énoncé de position sur la nutrition
d'entraînement et de sports de compétition. et la performance athlétique au :
Cet énoncé de position a été préparé pour les www.dietetistes.ca/sport.
membres des Diététistes du Canada (DC), de
l'Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (Academy) et de
l'American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), ainsi
que pour d'autres associations professionnelles, des
organismes gouvernementaux, l'industrie et le public. Il
décrit la position de l'Academy, des DC et de l'ACSM
sur des facteurs propres à la nutrition qui influencent
les performances athlétiques de même que les
tendances émergentes dans le domaine de la nutrition
du sport. Les athlètes devraient être orientés vers une
ou un diététiste/nutritioniste pour obtenir un plan
nutritionnel personnalisé. Aux États-Unis et au Canada,
les Board Certified Specialists in Sports Dietetics
(CSSD) sont à la fois des diététistes/nutritionistes et
des experts en nutrition du sport qualifiés.
DIETITIANS OF CANADA PAGE 2
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NUTRITION AND ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE:
POSITION PAPER FEBRUARY 2016
This paper outlines the current energy, nutrient,
This position paper includes the authors’
independent review of the literature, in addition and fluid recommendations for active adults and
to systematic review conducted using the competitive athletes. These general recommendations
Evidence Analysis Process and information from can be adjusted by sports dietitians1 to accommodate
the Evidence Analysis Library (EAL) of the the unique issues of individual athletes regarding
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Evidence- health, nutrient needs, performance goals, physique
based information and guidance on sports characteristics (i.e., body size, shape, growth, and
nutrition is also available from Practice-based
Evidence in Nutrition® (PEN), developed by composition), practical challenges and food
Dietitians of Canada. preferences.
The use of an evidence-based approach provides
important added benefits to earlier review Evidence-based Analysis
methods. The major advantage of the approach is This paper was developed using the Academy of
the more rigorous standardization of review Nutrition and Dietetics (Academy) Evidence Analysis
criteria, which minimizes the likelihood of
reviewer bias and increases the ease with which Library (EAL) and will outline some key themes related
disparate articles may be compared. to nutrition and athletic performance. The EAL is a
synthesis of relevant nutritional research on important
Details of the methods used in the Evidence dietetic practice questions. The publication range for
Analysis Process can be accessed at the evidence-based analysis spanned March 2006 –
www.andevidencelibrary.com/eaprocess. November 2014. For details on the systematic review
Conclusion Statements in this paper were and methodology go to www.andevidencelibrary.com.
assigned a grade by an expert work group based Figure 1 presents the evidence analysis questions used
on the systematic analysis and evaluation of the in this position paper.
supporting research evidence. Grade I = Good;
Grade II = Fair; Grade III = Limited; Grade IV = New Perspectives in Sports
Expert Opinion Only; and Grade V = Not
Assignable (because there is no evidence to Nutrition
support or refute the conclusion). The past decade has seen an increase in the number
Evidence-based information for this and other and topics of publications of original research and
topics can be found at review, consensus statements from sporting
PEN: www.pennutrition.com organizations, and opportunities for qualification and
EAL: www.andevidencelibrary.com. accreditation related to sports nutrition and dietetics.
This bears witness to sports nutrition as a dynamic
Subscriptions to PEN are available for purchase area of science and practice that continues to flourish
internationally for members and non-members of
Dietitians of Canada in both the scope of support it offers to athletes and
at www.pennutrition.com/signup.aspx . the strength of evidence that underpins its guidelines.
Subscriptions to EAL are available for purchase
for non-Academy members 1 Because credentialing practices vary internationally, the term “sports
at www.andevidencelibrary.com/store.cfm. dietitian” will be used throughout this paper to encompass all terms of
accreditation, including registered dietitian (RD), professional dietitian
(PDt), registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) or Board Certified Specialist
in Sports Dietetics (CSSD).
DIETITIANS OF CANADA PAGE 3
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