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Nutrition and Athletic Performance Position of Dietitians of Canada, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and the American College of Sports Medicine February 2016 Revised December 2016 Copyright © 2016 by Dietitians of Canada, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and the American College of Sports Medicine; including revision – December 2016 (p 34; per p 45). All rights reserved. Permission to reprint in its entirety. For noncommercial use only. Concurrent publication of this joint position paper: - DC website www.dietitians.ca/sports - Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research (abstract, position statement) - Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics - Medicine & Science in Sports and Exercise® www.dietitians.ca I www.dietetistes.ca Nutrition and Athletic POSITION STATEMENT Performance It is the position of Dietitians of Canada, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and the American College of Sports Medicine that the performance of, and recovery Position of Dietitians of from, sporting activities are enhanced by well-chosen Canada, the Academy nutrition strategies. These organizations provide guidelines for the appropriate type, amount and timing of Nutrition and Dietetics of intake of food, fluids and dietary supplements to and the American College of promote optimal health and sport performance across different scenarios of training and competitive sport. Sports Medicine This paper outlines the current energy, nutrient, and fluid recommendations for active adults and ABSTRACT competitive athletes. These general recommendations can be adjusted by sports dietitians to accommodate It is the position of Dietitians of Canada, the Academy the unique issues of individual athletes regarding of Nutrition and Dietetics and the American College of health, nutrient needs, performance goals, physique Sports Medicine that the performance of, and recovery characteristics (i.e., body size, shape, growth, and from, sporting activities are enhanced by well-chosen composition), practical challenges and food nutrition strategies. These organizations provide preferences. guidelines for the appropriate type, amount, and timing of intake of food, fluids, and supplements to promote Access the Position Paper Nutrition and Athletic optimal health and performance across different Performance at: www.dietitians.ca/sports. scenarios of training and competitive sport. This position paper was prepared for members of Dietitians of Canada (DC), the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (Academy) and the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), other professional associations, government agencies, industry, and the public. It outlines the stance of DC, the Academy and ACSM on nutrition factors that have been determined to influence athletic performance and emerging trends in the field of sports nutrition. Athletes should be referred to a registered dietitian/nutritionist for a personalized nutrition plan. In the United States and in Canada, the Certified Specialist in Sports Dietetics (CSSD) is a registered dietitian/nutritionist and a credentialed sports nutrition expert. DIETITIANS OF CANADA PAGE 1 I La nutrition et la ÉNONCÉ DE POSITION performance athlétique Les diététistes du Canada, l'Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics et l'American College of Sports Medicine sont d'avis que des stratégies de nutrition soigneusement Position des Diététistes du sélectionnées améliorent les performances sportives et Canada, de l'Academy of la récupération à la suite d’activités physiques. Ces organismes proposent des lignes directrices quant au Nutrition and Dietetics et de type et à la quantité d'aliments, de liquides et de l'American College of Sports suppléments alimentaires à consommer et au moment approprié des apports pour favouriser une santé et Medicine une performance optimales dans divers scénarios d'entraînement et de sports de compétition. RÉSUMÉ Ce document décrit les recommandations actuelles en matière d'apport en énergie, en nutriments Les diététistes du Canada, l'Academy of Nutrition and et en liquides pour les adultes actifs et les athlètes de Dietetics et l'American College of Sports Medicine sont compétition. Ces recommandations générales peuvent d'avis que des stratégies de nutrition soigneusement être ajustées par les diététistes du sport afin de sélectionnées améliorent les performances sportives et convenir aux situations uniques des athlètes sur le la récupération à la suite d’activités physiques. Ces plan de la santé, des besoins en nutriments, des organismes proposent des lignes directrices quant au objectifs de performance, des caractéristiques type et à la quantité d'aliments, de liquides et de physiques (c.-à-d., taille, forme, croissance et suppléments à consommer et au moment approprié composition du corps), des défis pratiques et des des apports pour favouriser une santé et une préférences alimentaires. performance optimales dans divers scénarios Accédez à l'énoncé de position sur la nutrition d'entraînement et de sports de compétition. et la performance athlétique au : Cet énoncé de position a été préparé pour les www.dietetistes.ca/sport. membres des Diététistes du Canada (DC), de l'Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (Academy) et de l'American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), ainsi que pour d'autres associations professionnelles, des organismes gouvernementaux, l'industrie et le public. Il décrit la position de l'Academy, des DC et de l'ACSM sur des facteurs propres à la nutrition qui influencent les performances athlétiques de même que les tendances émergentes dans le domaine de la nutrition du sport. Les athlètes devraient être orientés vers une ou un diététiste/nutritioniste pour obtenir un plan nutritionnel personnalisé. Aux États-Unis et au Canada, les Board Certified Specialists in Sports Dietetics (CSSD) sont à la fois des diététistes/nutritionistes et des experts en nutrition du sport qualifiés. DIETITIANS OF CANADA PAGE 2 I NUTRITION AND ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE: POSITION PAPER FEBRUARY 2016 This paper outlines the current energy, nutrient, This position paper includes the authors’ independent review of the literature, in addition and fluid recommendations for active adults and to systematic review conducted using the competitive athletes. These general recommendations Evidence Analysis Process and information from can be adjusted by sports dietitians1 to accommodate the Evidence Analysis Library (EAL) of the the unique issues of individual athletes regarding Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Evidence- health, nutrient needs, performance goals, physique based information and guidance on sports characteristics (i.e., body size, shape, growth, and nutrition is also available from Practice-based Evidence in Nutrition® (PEN), developed by composition), practical challenges and food Dietitians of Canada. preferences. The use of an evidence-based approach provides important added benefits to earlier review Evidence-based Analysis methods. The major advantage of the approach is This paper was developed using the Academy of the more rigorous standardization of review Nutrition and Dietetics (Academy) Evidence Analysis criteria, which minimizes the likelihood of reviewer bias and increases the ease with which Library (EAL) and will outline some key themes related disparate articles may be compared. to nutrition and athletic performance. The EAL is a synthesis of relevant nutritional research on important Details of the methods used in the Evidence dietetic practice questions. The publication range for Analysis Process can be accessed at the evidence-based analysis spanned March 2006 – www.andevidencelibrary.com/eaprocess. November 2014. For details on the systematic review Conclusion Statements in this paper were and methodology go to www.andevidencelibrary.com. assigned a grade by an expert work group based Figure 1 presents the evidence analysis questions used on the systematic analysis and evaluation of the in this position paper. supporting research evidence. Grade I = Good; Grade II = Fair; Grade III = Limited; Grade IV = New Perspectives in Sports Expert Opinion Only; and Grade V = Not Assignable (because there is no evidence to Nutrition support or refute the conclusion). The past decade has seen an increase in the number Evidence-based information for this and other and topics of publications of original research and topics can be found at review, consensus statements from sporting PEN: www.pennutrition.com organizations, and opportunities for qualification and EAL: www.andevidencelibrary.com. accreditation related to sports nutrition and dietetics. This bears witness to sports nutrition as a dynamic Subscriptions to PEN are available for purchase area of science and practice that continues to flourish internationally for members and non-members of Dietitians of Canada in both the scope of support it offers to athletes and at www.pennutrition.com/signup.aspx . the strength of evidence that underpins its guidelines. Subscriptions to EAL are available for purchase for non-Academy members 1 Because credentialing practices vary internationally, the term “sports at www.andevidencelibrary.com/store.cfm. dietitian” will be used throughout this paper to encompass all terms of accreditation, including registered dietitian (RD), professional dietitian (PDt), registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) or Board Certified Specialist in Sports Dietetics (CSSD). DIETITIANS OF CANADA PAGE 3 I
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