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AQA GCSE 9–1 Biology Teacher Support Guide Margaret Royal Ali Hodgson References to the textbooks in this teacher resource guide References to the student textbooks are given in the following style: ■ The first figure or page number always refers to the GCSE Biology book. ■ The numbers in brackets refer to the Combined Science Trilogy books. ■ Where there are two numbers in brackets, the first is for Combined Science Trilogy 1 or 2; the second number refers to the all-in-one Combined Science Trilogy book. Use Figure 14.6 (21.4) from page 181 (31; 387) to show … The figure number The figure number The page number The page number The page number in the GCSE in the Combined in the GCSE in the Combined in the Combined Biology book Science Trilogy Biology book Science Trilogy 2 Science Trilogy all- books book in-one book Although every effort has been made to ensure that website addresses are correct at time of going to press, Hodder Education cannot be held responsible for the content of any website mentioned in this book. It is sometimes possible to find a relocated web page by typing in the address of the home page for a website in the URL window of your browser. Hachette UK’s policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products and made from wood grown in sustainable forests. The logging and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. Orders: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4SB. Telephone: +44 (0)1235 827720. Fax: +44 (0)1235 400454. Lines are open 9.00a.m.–5.00p.m., Monday to Saturday, with a 24-hour message answering service. Visit our website at www. hoddereducation.co.uk Margaret Royal and Ali Hodgson 2017 © First published in 2017 by Hodder Education, An Hachette UK Company Carmelite House 50 Victoria Embankment London EC4Y 0DZ Impression number 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Year 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 All rights reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copyright law, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or held within any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. 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A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1471 851186 Contents Cell biology 1 Answers 44 1 Cell structure 1 Infection and response 49 Eukaryotes and prokaryotes 2 6 Infection and response 49 Animal and plant cells 2 Infectious diseases 50 Cell specialisation 3 Culturing microorganisms (Biology only) 50 Size and scale 4 Diseases 51 Microscopy 5 Human defence systems 51 Required practical 1: Use a light microscope to observe, Vaccination 52 draw and label a selection of plant and animal cells 6 Antibiotics 52 Answers 7Required practical 2: Investigate the effect of 2 Cell division 11 antiseptics or antibiotics on bacterial growth using agar Chromosomes 11 plates and measuring zones of inhibition (Biology only) 52 Mitosis and the cell cycle 12 Antibiotics and painkillers 53 Stem cells 13 Discovery and development of drugs 53 Stem cell research 13 Answers 54 Answers 147 Monoclonal antibodies (Biology only) 60 3 Transport in cells 17 Monoclonal antibodies 60 Diffusion 17 Answers 61 Diffusion and exchange surfaces 18 8 Plant disease (Biology only) 62 The process of osmosis 19 Identifying plant diseases 62 Required practical 3(2): Investigate the effect of a range Defi ciencies and defences 62 of concentrations of salt or sugar solutions on the Answers 63 mass of plant tissue 19 Active transport 20 Bioenergetics 65 Answers 219 Photosynthesis 65 Organisation 27 Photosynthesis: the products and reactants 65 4 Animal tissues, organs and organ systems 27 The rate of photosynthesis 66 Required practical 6(5): Investigate the effect of light Levels of organisation and diet 28 intensity on the rate of photosynthesis using an aquatic Required practical 4(3): Use qualitative reagents to test organism such as pond weed 67 for a range of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins 28 Answers 68 The digestive system 29 Enzymes 2910 Respiration 72 Required practical 5(4): Investigate the effect of pH on Aerobic respiration 72 the rate of reaction of amylase enzyme 31 Anaerobic respiration 73 The heart 31 Anaerobic respiration in plants and microorganisms 73 Blood vessels 32 Metabolism 74 Blood 33Answers 74 Gas exchange systems 33 Homeostasis and response 80 Coronary heart disease 33 Health and disease 34 11 The human nervous system 80 Correlation and causation 35 Homeostasis and the nervous system 80 Cancer 35The refl ex arc 81 Answers 36Required practical 7(6): Plan and carry out an 5 Plant tissues, organs and organ systems 42 investigation into the effect of a factor on human Plant tissues and organs – the leaf 42 reaction time 82 The root and water uptake 43 The brain (Biology only) 82 Transpiration 44 The eye (Biology only) 83 iii Sight (Biology only) 83 17 Classifi cation of living organisms 128 Control of body temperature (Biology only) 84 Classifi cation 128 Answers 84Answers 129 12 Hormonal coordination in humans 89 Ecology 132 Hormones and the endocrine system 89 Controlling blood sugar levels 90 18 Adaptations, interdependence and Maintaining water and nitrogen balance in the body competition 132 (Biology only) 91 Ecology 132 Hormones in human reproduction 93 Abiotic factors 133 Contraception 93 Biotic factors 133 Infertility 93 Adaptations 134 Negative feedback 94 Extreme environments 134 Answers 94Answers 135 13 Plant hormones (Biology only) 100 19 Organisation of an ecosystem 140 Plant hormones 100 Production of biomass 140 Use of plant hormones 101 Feeding relationships 141 Required practical 8: Investigate the effect of light or Required practical 9(7): Use sampling techniques to gravity on the growth of germinated seedlings 101 investigate the effect of a factor on the distribution of Answers 102 this species 142 Inheritance, variation and The carbon cycle 143 evolution 105 The water cycle 143 Decomposition (Biology only) 144 14 Reproduction 105 Required practical 10: Investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of decay of fresh milk by Meiosis 106 measuring pH change (Biology only) 144 Sexual and asexual reproduction 106 Environmental change (Biology only) 145 DNA and the genome 107 Answers 146 Understanding the human genome 107 Protein synthesis 108 20 Biodiversity and the effect of human Mutations 108 interaction on ecosystems 150 Genetic inheritance 109 Biodiversity 150 Monohybrid crosses 109 Waste 151 Genetic disorders 109 Land use 151 Sex determination 110 Peat bogs 152 Answers 110 Global warming 152 15 Variation 114 Answers 152 Variation 114 21 Trophic levels in an ecosystem Selective breeding 115 (Biology only) 158 Genetic modifi cation 115 Trophic levels 158 Benefi ts and risks of genetic engineering 116 Pyramids of biomass and transfer of biomass 159 Cloning (Biology only) 116 Answers 159 Answers 117 22 Food production (Biology only) 161 16 The development of understanding of Factors affecting food security 161 genetics and evolution 121 Sustainable fi sheries 162 Evolution (Biology only) 121 Role of biotechnology 162 Mendel and inheritance (Biology only) 122 Answers 163 Fossils 123 Extinction 123 Antibiotic resistance 123 Answers 124 iv
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