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Political Science Paper- II Administrative Theory: Principles and Approaches Author Dr. Jayanta Kumar Dash & Ratnaprava Barik 1 UNIT-I 1.1: Objectives After going through this unit, you will be able to know: The concept of Administration, Public Administration Meaning, Nature and Scope of Public Administration Different approaches to the Study of Public Administration The role of Public Administration in Developed and Developing Countries 1.2: Introduction to Administration Public Administration is one of the important concept of the study of administration. Therefore, before understanding the meaning of Public Administration, it is necessary to understand the meaning of the word „Administration‟. The word „Administration‟ is derived from the Latin word „ad and ministrare‟ which means „to serve‟ or „to look after the people‟ or „to care for‟ or to manage. Thus, literally the term administration means management of affairs- public or private. Administration is as old as the human civilization and human existence. It is the administration which controls and stabilizes the society. The whole society has been guided by the norms and values of the administration. So the society without administration is not effective. It is the administration which brings society from a set of ignorance to the brightened antiquity. The society is the best whose administration is the best. So knowledge about administration is very important for the students of Political Science. 1.3. Definition and Meaning of Administration The concept of administration is defined by various writers in the followings: According to E.N. Gladden “Administration is a long and slightly pompous word, but it has a humble meaning, for it means, to care for or look after the people, to manage affairs …is determined action taken in pursuit of a conscious purpose.” 2 According to L.D. White “The arts of Administration is the direction, coordination and control of many persons to achieve some purpose or objective.” According to F.A. Nigro “Administration is the organization and use of men and materials to accomplish a purpose.” According to H.A. Simon“In the broadest sense administration can be defined as the activities of groups cooperating to accomplish common goals.” According toK. Henderson “Administration is the arrangement of men and materials in the rational carrying out of purposes.” According to D. Waldo “Administration is the type of cooperative human effort that has a high degree of rationality.” According to James McCanny “Administration is the organization and use of men and materials to accomplish a purpose. It is the specialized vocation of managers who has skills of organizing and directing men and materials just as definitely as an engineer has the skill of building structures or a doctor has the skill of understanding the human ailments.” According to J.E. Berkley“Administration is a process involving human beings jointly engaged in working towards common goals.” According to Brooks Adams “Administration is the capacity of coordinating many and often conflicting social energies in a single organism, so adroitly that they shall operate as a unity.” According to Ordway Tead “Administration is a variety of component elements which together in action, produce the result of a defined task done. Administration primarily, is the direction of people in association to achieve some goal temporarily shared. It is the inclusive process of integrating human effort so that a desired result is obtain. It is the central power house of the motivational impulsion and the spirit which makes the institution drive to fulfil its purpose.” 3 According to F.M. Marx “Administration is a determined action taken in pursuit of a conscious purpose. It is the systematic ordering of affairs and the calculated use of resources aimed at making those things happen which one wants to happen and foretelling everything to the contrary.” According to John A. Veig “Administration is determined action taken in pursuit of conscious purpose. It is the systematic ordering of affairs and the calculated use of resources, aimed at making those things happen which we want to happen and simultaneously preventing developments that fail to square with all our intensions. It is the marshalling of available labour and materials irorder to gain that which is desired at the lowest cost in energy, time and money.” According to Luther Gluck “Administration has to do with getting things done; with the accomplishment of defined objective.” According to James L. Mc Canny Administration is the organization and use of men and materials to accomplish a purpose. It is the specialized vocation of managers who have skills of organizing and directing men and materials just as definitely as the engineer has the skill of building structure or a doctor has the skill of understanding human ailments. According to Piffner and Presthus “Administration is the organization and direction of human and material resources to achieve desired ends. Thus, it becomes clear that administration is essentially a group activity which involves co- operation and co-ordination to achieve desired goals.” From the above, in a broader sense the term “Administration” signifies the following fourdifferent perspectives taking under different context it is used. They are (i) As a Discipline, (ii) As a vocation, (iii) As a process, (iv)As a synonym for the word Executive or Government. As a discipline it deals with the name of a branch of learning or intellectual discipline as tought and studied in colleges and universities. As a vocation it deals with the types of work or trade or profession or occupation specially one that involves knowledge and 4
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