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Er.Sukhnandan Kaur, Ms.Rupinderdeep Kaur/ IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN)
www.iosrjen.org
Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp.106-110
Unexplored aspects in the transliteration of ENGLISH to
PUNJABI
Er.Sukhnandan Kaur1, Ms.Rupinderdeep Kaur2
1(Student (Pursuing M.Tech.-CSE), Swami Vivekanand Institute of Engineering & Technology,
Banur, India)
2(Lecturer (CSED), Thapar University,Pataila , India)
ABSTRACT:
Transliteration is meant to preserve the reason, many researchers have been trying to
sounds of the syllables in words. overcome the problem using machine
Transliteration is helpful in situations transliteration.
where one does not know the script of a Transliteration is the process of mapping a
language but knows to speak and written word from a language-script pair to
understand the language nevertheless. The another language-script pair. For example,
following attempt deals with the punjabi word prm and SyAr corresponds to
unexplored aspects of famous Indian English words param and share respectively.
language named as Punjabi. Professional
people whose native language is not 1.1 Forward Transliteration:
Punjabi but need to do some work in Transliterating a word from the language of
Punjabi then the transliteration helps them its origin to a foreign language is called
out. Most of the efficient Transliteration Forward Transliteration.
software systems do not provide much As in the case of English to Punjabi
facilities apart from the basic that meet the transliteration.
requirements of multilingual people. So, to
make any language’s transliteration Param -> prm
effective, we need to focus on all the
approachable corners of that particular 1.2 Backward Transliteration:
language. Transliterating a loan-word (is a word
borrowed from one language and
Keywords: Abbreviations, Dual language, incorporated into another) written in a foreign
Numeral Transliteration. language back to the language of its origin is
called Backward Transliteration. For
[1]
1. Introduction: Example:
Transliteration is used to phonetically
translate proper names and technical terms qblw TABLA
especially from languages in Roman
alphabets to languages in non-Roman 2. Transliterartion by using
alphabets such as from English to Korean, AnmolLipi:
Japanese, and Chinese. Because It tells the way how different letters of the
transliterations are usually representative English are mapped onto the Punjabi letters.
index terms for documents, proper handling There are number of softwares which are
of the transliterations is important for an helpful in mapping Punjabi letters
effective information retrieval system. corresponds to the English. This is shown in
However, there are limitations on handling TABLE1.
transliterations depending on dictionary
lookup, because transliterations are usually
not registered in the dictionary. For this
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Er.Sukhnandan Kaur, Ms.Rupinderdeep Kaur/ IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN)
www.iosrjen.org
Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp.106-110
meanings and definitions of numbers, over
the different stages of the history of science.
The symbols used in various modern Indian
Table1. Transliteration scripts for the numbers from zero to nine are
shown in Table2.
Aa Bb Cc Dd
A,a B,b C,c D,d Table2. Numeral transliteration
੦ sifar 0
Ee Ff Gg Hh ੧ ikk 1
E,e F,f G,g “ H” , h
੨ do 2
Ii Jj Kk Ll ੩ tinn 3
I,I J,j K,k L,l
੪ chā 4
Mm Nn Oo Pp ੫ punj 5
M , m N , n O , o P,p
੬ che 6
Qq Rr Ss Tt
Q,q R , r S,s T,t ੭ satt 7
੮ ath 8
u Vv Ww Xx
U , u V,v W , w X,x ੯ ੰ naun 9
Yy Zz ੧੦ dass 10
Y , y Z,z
^ & ~
^ & ~
Transliteration takes place as the example
given below. As one wants to type nwnw in
Punjabi then he needs to type nwnw. As
transliteration is case sensitive. So, great care
of words in caps is to be taken while typing.
For Example:
n w n w
n w n w Fig.1. Google Transliteration
3. Some of the unexplored aspects: As we tried to type the numerals by using the
current available software such as Google
Numerous softwares are providing the facility transliteration, then as in the above Fig.1, we
of transliteration, but still much of the work typed nine and the possible transliterations
has to be done to make it more fruitful to the were as in Fig.2.
users. In this paper, we have discussed many
such aspects under which research is needed
to be done. Some of them are as follows:
3.1 Numeral Number Transliteration:
Numerals are symbols also representing
numbers. In mathematics there are other
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Er.Sukhnandan Kaur, Ms.Rupinderdeep Kaur/ IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN)
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Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp.106-110
people who speak Punjabi language. Table 3
shows the names of Punjabi months.
Table 3. Name of Punjabi Months
English Punjabi
March/April ਚੇਤਰ
April/May ਵੈਸਾਖ
May/June ਜੇਠ
June/July ਹਾੜ
July/August ਸਾਵਣ
August/September ਭਾਦਰੋਂ
Fig.2 Transliteration of Nine
September/October ਅਸੂ
But as per our requirement we want to
transliterate nine as : October/November ਕਤਕ
November/December ਮਘਰ
੯ ੰ naun 9
So, our problem of the exact transliteration December/January ਪਹ
of the numerals are still there. January/February ਮਾਘ
3.2 Abbreviation: February/March ਫਗਣ
Simply stated, an abbreviation is any
shortened form of a word or phrase. These When we checked it by typing june in google
are used to speed up the whole process of transliteration sortware window as in Fig.3:
dealing with any language is enhanced by
using abbreviations .In the Punjabi
Transliteration, the facility for abbreviations
is not provided which if provided then
enhance its functionality .
Like:
P.U. – Panjabi University
pMjwbI XUnIvristI
If we type P.U. in any of the software which
gives the facility of transliteration, it gives us
as:
ਪ.ਉ. Fig.3 Months Transliteration by Google
In the above, the software does not take the
letter with dot(P.), it takes P itself to give us we get the following as shown in Fig. 4
the output. But functionality can be enhanced options :
if it takes dot with any of the letter. By doing
so we can add abbreviations in the database.
3.3 Name of Punjabi Months:
As every regional language contains its own
data. People often use their own language for
communication. Same happens with the
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Er.Sukhnandan Kaur, Ms.Rupinderdeep Kaur/ IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN)
www.iosrjen.org
Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp.106-110
Fig.4 . Transliteration of June Fig.6. Transliteration of word Saada
But we want the transliteration of June as but if we want to type the first letter in
ਹਾੜ, then it is not possible with the existing English and the rest in Punjabi. The above
software as shown in Fig.4. mentioned task can be done by a space
between the first character and the rest. But
3.4 Switching between different languages: doing so we have virtually two words instead
In linguistics, switching is the concurrent use of one word. From this, we conclude that the
of more than one language, or language switching between different languages under
variety, in conversation. Multilingual - people one word is still not in light. The example of
who speak more than one language - the above is given in Fig.6.
sometimes use elements of multiple
languages in conversing with each other. 4.Difference between dictionary
Thus, we need to plant this facility. lookup and machine
As an quintessential,: Avwz Transliteration:
This feature is tested on many softwares but As it is completely impossible to add all the
all are unable to do this. As shown in Fig.5. words used in transliteration, so the
alternative method of using machine
transliteration apart from the Dictionary
Lookup. These two softwares are different
from each other from the manner as shown in
Table4.
Both of these methods are widely used by
the variety of softwares.
Table 4. Difference between Dictionary
lookup and Machine Transliteration.
Dictionary Lookup Machine
Fig.5 Transliteration By Tamil cube transliteration
1.It is the direct 1.In machine
If we type saada, it gives us the complete method of transliteration, each
word in Punjabi as : transliteration of the letter is mapped with
whole word in one the predefined set of
attempt. corresponds.
2. It is fast and 2.It takes more time
convenient to use. than that of dictionary
lookup.
3.In this all the 3.Machine
words are arranged Transliteration does
in an ordered form. not follow any
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