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  English	grammar	Part	of	a	series	on	English	grammar	MorphologPluralsPrefixes	(in	English)Suffixes	(frequentative)	WordtypesAcronimsAdjectivevdverbs	(piano)ArticlesControcionsCompoundsDemonstrativeDeterminers	(list	here)ExpletivesifierInterjects	Interjects	(case	in	person)Verbs	VerbsAuxiliary	verbsMood	(conditional	183;	imperative
  subjunctive)Aspect	(continuous,	regular,	perfect)	verbsModal	verbsPassive	voicePhrasal	verbs	Passive	Voicephrasal	verbs	Verbs	Verbs	Verbs	usageTransitive	and	intransitive	taxClauses	(in	English)conditional	sentence-CopsanDo-supportsionation-Remives	Orthography	Abbreviations	ContitaliationCommaHyfen	Variant	uses	African-American
  Vernacular	EnglishAmE	and	BrE	Grammatical	differences	sDouble	negativeGrammmar	disputesYou	ve	te	English	grammar	is	the	way	the	meanings	are	encoded	in	words	in	English.	This	includes	the	structure	of	words,	phrases,	clauses,	phrases	and	whole	texts.	This	article	describes	a	general,	current	standard	English,	a	form	of	speech	and	writing
  used	in	public	speech,	including	broadcasting,	education,	entertainment,	government	and	news,	on	a	series	of	registers,	from	form	a	l	to	informal.	Different	from	the	grammar	described	here	occur	in	some	historical,	social,	cultural	and	regional	varieties	of	English,	although	these	are	smaller	than	differences	in	pronunciation	and	vocabulary.	Modern
  English	has	largely	abandoned	the	inflexible	cashier	system	of	the	Indo-European	for	analytical	constructions.	Personal	pronouns	keep	the	morphological	case	stronger	than	any	other	word	class	(a	residue	of	the	most	extensive	germanic	casing	system	in	Old	English).	For	other	pronouns,	and	all	names,	adjectives	and	articles,	the	grammar	function	i	s
  indicated	only	by	word	order,	by	prepositions,	and	for	the	"possessive	parental	or	English	sassone"	("s).	[1]	Eight	or	"parts	of	speech"	aredistinct	in	English:	nouns,	determinants,	pronouns,	verbs,	adjectives,	adverbs,	prepositions	and	conjunctions.	Names	form	the	largest	class	of	words,	and	verbs	the	second	largest.	Unlike	nouns	in	almost	all	other
  Indo-European	languages,	English	nouns	have	no	grammatical	genre.	Classes	of	words	and	phrases	Nouns,	verbs,	adjectives	and	adverbs	form	open	classes	–	classes	of	words	that	promptly	accept	new	members,	such	as	the	celebutante	noun	(a	celebrity	who	attends	fashion	circles),	and	other	relatively	new	similar	words.	[2]	The	others	are	considered
  closed	classes.	For	example,	it	is	rare	for	a	new	pronoun	to	enter	the	language.	The	holders,	traditionally	classified	with	adjectives,	have	not	always	been	considered	as	a	separate	part	of	the	speech.	Interferences	are	another	class	of	words,	but	these	are	not	described	here	as	they	are	not	part	of	the	clause	and	structure	of	the	language	phrase.	[2]
  Linguists	generally	accept	nine	English	speaking	classes:	nouns,	verbs,	adjectives,	adverbs,	pronouns,	prepositions,	conjunctions,	determinants	and	exclamations.	English	words	are	not	generally	marked	for	the	class	of	words.	It	is	usually	not	possible	to	say	from	the	form	of	a	word	to	which	the	class	belongs	if	not,	to	a	certain	extent,	in	the	case	of
  words	with	inflexible	endings	or	derivative	suffixes.	On	the	other	hand,	most	words	belong	to	more	than	one	word	class.	For	example,	the	race	can	serve	as	a	verb	or	noun	(these	are	considered	as	two	different	lexemi).	[3]	Lexemes	can	be	inflected	to	express	different	grammatical	categories.	The	lexeme	race	has	the	forms	running,	running,	running,
  running,	running,	running,	running,	running	and	running.	[3]	Words	in	one	class	can	sometimes	come	from	those	in	another.	This	has	the	potential	to	give	rise	to	new	words.	The	substantive	aerobic	has	recently	given	rise	to	the	aerobic	adjective.	[3]	The	wordscombine	to	form	sentences.	A	sentence	usually	serves	the	same	function	as	a	word	from	a
  particular	class	of	words.	[3]	For	example,	my	very	good	friend	Peter	is	a	phrase	that	be	used	in	a	sentence	as	if	it	were	a	noun,	and	is	therefore	called	a	noun	phrase.	Similarly,	adjective	phrases	and	adverbs	work	as	if	they	were	adjectives	or	adverbs,	but	with	other	types	of	phrases,	the	terminology	has	different	implications.	For	example,	a	verb
  sentence	consists	of	a	verb	together	with	any	object	and	other	dependants;	A	prepositional	sentence	consists	of	a	preposition	and	its	complement	(and	is	therefore	usually	a	type	of	adverbial	sentence);	And	a	determinant	phrase	is	a	type	of	nominal	phrase	containing	a	determinant.	Names	Main	Article:	English	Names	Many	common	suffixes	form
  names	from	other	names	or	from	other	word	types,	such	as	-age	(as	in	shrinkage),	-ioritÃ	(as	in	sisterhood),	and	so	on,	[3]	although	many	names	are	Basic	Forms	that	do	not	contain	such	suffixes	(such	as	Cat,	Grass,	France).	Nouns	are	often	created	by	converting	verbs	or	adjectives,	such	as	with	the	words	speak	and	read	(a	boring	speech,	assigned
  reading).	Names	are	sometimes	classified	semantically	(by	their	meanings)	as	proper	and	common	names	(Cyrus,	porcelain	against	the	frog,	milk)	or	as	concrete	and	abstract	names	(book,	laptop	vs.	embarrassment,	prejudice).	[4]	A	grammatical	distinction	is	often	made	between	counting	(numerable)	names	such	as	clock	and	city,	and	non-counting
  (non-numerable)	names	such	as	milk	and	decorations.	[5]	Some	names	can	work	as	either	numerable	or	non-numerable	as	the	word	“wine”	(this	is	a	good	wine,	I	prefer	red	wine).	Numerable	names	generally	have	singular	and	plural	forms.	[4]	In	most	cases	the	plural	is	formed	by	the	singular	adding	–	[E]s	(as	in	dogs,	bushes),	although	there	are	also
  irregular	shapes	(woman/women,	feet/feet,	etc.),	included	cases	where	the	two	forms	are	identical	(sheep,	series).	For	more	details,	see	Plural	English.	Some	nouns	can	be	used	with	verbs	even	if	they	are	singular	in	form,	as	in	the	government	were	...	(where	the	government	is	considered	to	refer	to	the	people	who	constitute	theThis	is	a	form	of
  Sinasi;	It	is	more	common	in	English	than	in	American	English.	See	English	Plural	§	Singulars	with	a	collective	meaning	treated	as	plural.	British	nouns	are	not	marked	by	chance	as	they	are	in	some	languages,	but	they	have	possessive	forms,	through	the	addition	of	-'s	(as	in	John,	children)	or	simply	an	apostrophe	(without	change	in	pronunciation)
  in	the	case	of	-	[e	]	S	Plurals	and	sometimes	other	words	ending	with	-s	(dog	owners,	the	love	of	Jesus).	More	generally,	the	final	can	be	applied	to	noun	sentences	(as	in	the	man	you	saw	yesterday's	sister);	look	down.	The	possessive	form	can	be	used	both	as	a	decisive	(John's	cat)	and	as	a	parent	phrase	(John	is	the	one	next	to	that	of	Jane).	The	status
  of	possessive	as	affixed	or	clitic	is	the	subject	of	debate.	[6]	[7]	differs	from	the	infection	of	noun	of	languages	​​such	as	German,	as	the	genitive	final	can	attach	to	the	last	word	of	the	sentence.	For	this	reason,	the	possessive	can	be	analyzed,	for	example	as	a	clit	construction	(an	"enclitic	position"	[8])	or	as	an	inflection	[9]	[10]	of	the	last	word	of	a
  sentence	("inflection	of	the	wave").	Phrases	The	phrases	of	the	names	are	phrases	that	work	grammatically	as	nouns	within	the	sentences,	for	example	as	a	subject	or	subject	of	a	verb.	Most	noun's	sentences	have	a	noun	like	their	head.	[5]	A	phrase	of	the	English	noun	takes	typically	the	following	module	(not	all	elements	must	be	present):	determiner
  +	pre-modifiers	+	NOUN	+	Postmodifiers	/	Complement	in	this	structure:	The	decisor	can	be	an	article	(the,	A	[N	])	Or	other	equivalent	word,	as	described	in	the	following	section.	In	many	contexts,	it	is	necessary	for	a	substantive	phrase	to	include	a	determiner.	Pre-modifiers	include	adjectives	and	some	adjective	sentences	(like	red,	really	nice),	and
  Noun	Adjuncts	the	college	in	the	phrase	the	college	student).	Adjective	modifiers	usually	come	before	aggravations.	a	complement	or	a	postmodifier[5]	can	be	a	prepositional	phrase	(...	from	London),	a	relative	clause	(as	(as	we	saw	yesterday),	certain	adjective	or	participative	phrases	(...	sitting	on	the	beach),	or	a	dependant	clause	or	infinite	phrase
  appropriate	to	the	noun	(such	as	...	that	the	world	goes	after	a	noun	such	as	a	fact	or	a	statement,	or	...	traveling	widely	after	a	noun	such	as	desire).	An	example	of	a	noun	phrase	that	includes	all	of	the	above	elements	is	that	rather	attractive	young	student	from	the	university	you	were	communicating	with.	Here’s	the	determining	factor,	rather
  attractive	and	young	adjectives	are	pre-modifiers,	college	is	an	additional	noun,	student	is	the	noun	that	serves	as	the	head	of	the	sentence,	and	who	you	were	talking	to	is	a	post-modifier	(a	relative	clause	in	this	case).	Notice	the	order	of	the	pre-modifiers;	the	determinant	that	must	come	first	and	the	college	of	the	additional	noun	must	come	after
  the	adjective	modifiers.	Coordination	conjunctions	such	as	and,	or,	and	but	can	be	used	at	various	levels	in	substantive	phrases,	such	as	in	John,	Paul,	and	Mary;	the	corresponding	green	coat	and	hat;	a	dangerous	but	exciting	ride;	a	person	sitting	or	standing.	See	æ§Ã	̈	Conjunctions	below	for	more	explanations.	Sentences	of	nouns	can	also	be
  placed	in	apposition	(where	two	consecutive	sentences	refer	to	the	same	thing),	as	in	that	president,	Abraham	Lincoln,	...	(where	that	president	and	Abraham	Lincoln	are	standing.)	In	some	contexts,	the	same	can	be	expressed	with	a	prepositional	phrase,	as	in	the	twin	curses	of	famine	and	pestilence	(which	means	“the	twin	curses”	which	are	“hunger
  and	pestilence”).	Special	forms	of	noun	phrases	include:	phrases	formed	by	the	determinant	the	with	an	adjective,	as	in	the	case	of	the	homeless,	English	(these	are	plural	phrases	referring	to	homeless	people	or	English	people	in	general);	phrases	with	a	pronoun	rather	than	a	noun	as	a	head	(see	below);	which	consist	of	only	one	possessor;	Some
  clauses,	such	as	that	and	related	clauses,	such	as	what	he	said,	in	certain	positions.	Gender	Main	Article:	Main:	A	grammatical	gender	system,	whereby	every	noun	was	treated	as	masculine,	feminine,	or	neutral,	existed	in	Old	English,	but	fell	into	disuse	during	the	Middle	English	period.	Modern	English	retains	some	characteristics	related	to	the
  natural	sex,	namely	the	use	of	some	nouns	and	pronouns	(such	as	him	and	her)	to	refer	specifically	to	people	or	animals	of	one	or	the	other	sex	and	some	others	(such	as	him)	for	asexual	objects,	although	feminine	pronouns	are	sometimes	used	when	speaking	of	ships	(	and	more	rarely	than	airplanes	and	similar	machines)	and	national.	States.	Some
  aspects	of	gender	use	in	English	have	been	influenced	by	the	shift	towards	a	preference	for	a	gender-neutral	language.	Animals	are	three-gender	names,	capable	of	assuming	masculine,	feminine,	and	neutral	pronouns.[11]	Generally,	there	is	no	difference	between	male	and	female	in	English	nouns.	However,	the	genus	is	sometimes	exposed	by
  different	forms	or	dissimilar	words	when	referring	to	people	or	animals[12].	Male	Female	Gender	Neutral	man	woman	adult	boy	girl	child	husband	wife	actress	performer	cock	hen	Many	names	that	mention	people’s	roles	and	jobs	may	refer	to	male	or	female	subjects,	for	example	“cousin”,	“teenager”,	“teacher”,	“doctor”	“student”,	“friend”	and
  “colleague”.	[12]	Jane	is	my	friend.	She’s	a	dentist.	Paul	is	my	cousin.	He’s	a	dentist.	Often	the	gender	distinction	for	these	neutral	names	is	established	by	inserting	the	words	“male”	or	“female”.[12]	Sam	is	a	female	doctor.	No,	he’s	not	my	boyfriend.	He’s	just	a	boy	friend.	I	have	three	female	cousins	and	two	male	cousins.	Rarely,	nouns	that	describe
  sexless	things	are	indicated	with	a	gender	pronoun	to	convey	familiarity.	It	is	also	normal	to	use	the	neutral	pronoun.[12]	I	love	my	machine.	You	(the	car)	It’s	my	greatest	passion.	The	is	popular	with	its	neighbors	(of	France)	at	the	moment.	I	traveled	from	England	to	New	York	on	Queen	QueenShe	(Queen	Elizabeth)	is	a	great	ship.	Main	Articles:
  English	determinants	and	English	determinants	are	a	relatively	small	class	of	words.	They	include	tea	and	a[n];	some	demonstrative	and	interrogative	words	like	this,	that	and	that;	possessive	like	mine	and	whose	(the	role	of	determinant	can	also	be	performed	by	supportive	possessive	forms	such	as	those	of	John	and	the	girl);	various	quantifiable
  words	such	as	all,	some,	many,	different;	and	numbers	(one,	two,	etc.).	There	are	also	many	phrases	(such	as	a	couple)	that	can	play	a	decisive	role.	The	determinants	are	used	in	the	formation	of	the	noun	phrases	(see	above).	Many	words	that	serve	as	determinants	can	also	be	used	as	pronouns	(this,	that,	many,	etc.).	Determinants	can	be	used	in
  certain	combinations,	such	as	all	water	and	many	problems.	In	many	contexts,	it	is	necessary	that	a	noun	phrase	be	supplemented	by	an	article	or	by	some	other	determinant	factor.	It's	not	grammatical	to	just	say	cat	sitting	on	the	table;	My	cat	is	sitting	on	the	table.	The	most	common	situations	in	which	a	complete	noun	can	be	formed	without	a
  determinant	are	when	it	generally	refers	to	an	entire	class	or	concept	(as	in	dogs	they	are	dangerous	and	beauty	is	subjective)	and	when	it	is	a	name	(Jane,	Spain,	etc.).	This	is	discussed	in	more	detail	in	the	articles	in	English	and	Zero	article	in	English.	Pronouns	Main	article:	Italian	pronouns	The	pronouns	are	a	relatively	small	and	closed	class	of
  words	that	work	in	place	of	nouns	or	nouns.	They	include	personal	pronouns,	demonstrative	pronouns,	relative	pronouns,	question	pronouns	and	some	others,	mainly	indefinite	pronouns.	The	complete	set	of	English	pronouns	is	presented	in	the	following	table.	The	non-standard,	informal	and	archaic	forms	are	in	italics.	Accusative	Reflective
  Independent	Genitive	Dependent	(subject)	(subject)	(possessive)	First	person	Singular	I	myself	mine	mymine	(first	vowel)	me	(eg.	BrE)	Plural	us	us	Our	Second-person	Standard	Singular	(Archaic	Plural	and	then	Formal)	yourself	your	Archaic	informal	you	are	yourself	your	ththine	(before	vowels)	Plural	Standard	you	yourself	your	Archaic	you	yourself
  your	non-standard	yeyeyeyeyeyevi	allies’allyetc.	The	third	person	Singular	Male	himself	the	Female	she	she	she	she	she	her	her	Neuter	it	itself	it	it	it	it	it	it	its	its	its	its	its	its	its	its	its	its	its	its	its	its	its	its	its	its	its	its	its	its	its	its	its	its	its	its	its	its	its	its	its	its	its	its	its	epic	their	Plural	their	their	Plural	their	their	their	their	their	Generic	Formal	one
  one	If	one	is	Informal	yourself	your	Wh-Relative	&questioning	to	the	people	who	have	received~Ô​	whose	non-personal	what	Relative	only	that	has	reciprocal	one	another	âÂ​	Questioning	only.	Main	Personal	Article:	English	Personal	Pronouns	Modern	Standard	English	personal	pronouns	are	presented	in	the	table	above.	It’s	me,	you,	her,	him,	him,
  us,	them.	Personal	pronouns	are	so	called	not	because	they	apply	to	people	(as	other	pronouns	do),	but	because	they	participate	in	the	grammatical	person	system	(1,	2,	3).	Second-person	forms	like	you	are	used	with	singular	and	plural	reference.	In	the	Southern	United	States,	everyone	(you	all)	is	used	as	a	plural	form,	and	various	other	phrases	like
  you	are	used	elsewhere.	An	archaic	set	of	second-a-person	pronouns	used	for	a	singular	reference	is	you,	you,	you,	your,	yours,	which	are	still	used	in	religious	services	and	may	be	seen	in	older	works,	such	as	Shakespeare’s226;	128;	in	such	texts,	the	set	of	pronouns	are	used	for	plural	reference,	or	with	reference	to	singular	as	a	formal	form	of	V.	It
  can	also	be	used	as	an	indeterminate	pronoun,	referring	to	a	person	in	(See	generic),	compared	to	the	most	formal	alternative,	one	(reflective	himself,	possessive	of	one).	The	singular	forms	of	third	person	are	differentiated	differentiated	the	sex	of	the	referee.	For	example,	it	is	used	to	refer	to	a	female	person,	sometimes	a	female	animal,	and
  sometimes	an	object	to	which	the	female	characteristics	are	attributed,	such	as	a	ship	or	a	country.	A	male	person,	and	sometimes	a	male	animal,	refers	to	using	him.	In	other	cases	it	can	be	used.	(See	Genere	in	English.)	The	word	can	also	be	used	as	a	fictional	subject,	in	phrases	as	if	it	were	sunny	this	afternoon.	The	third	person	form	is	used	with
  multiple	and	singular	references.	Historically,	singular,	they	were	limited	to	quantified	constructions	as	each	employee	should	clean	their	desk	and	reference	cases	where	the	sex	of	the	referee	was	unknown.	However,	it	is	always	more	used	when	the	type	of	referrer	is	irrelevant	or	when	the	referrer	is	neither	©	male	no	©	Female.	Possessive
  determinants	like	mine	are	used	as	determinants	along	with	names,	like	in	my	old	man,	some	of	his	friends.	Second	possessive	forms	such	as	mine	are	used	when	they	do	not	qualify	for	a	name:	as	pronouns,	as	in	mine	is	greater	than	yours,	and	as	predisposed,	as	in	this	is	mine.	Note	also	the	construction	of	a	friend	of	mine	(meaning	"someone	who	is
  my	friend").	See	possessive	English	for	more	details.	Demonstration	English	demonstrative	pronouns	are	this	(these	plurals),	and	that	(the	plural	ones),	as	in	these	are	good,	I	like.	Note	that	all	four	words	can	also	be	used	as	determinants	(followed	by	a	name),	as	in	those	machines.	Alternative	pronouns	can	also	form	this/	that,	these/	those.	Question
  pronouns	Question	pronouns	are	who,	what,	and	who	(everyone	can	take	the	-ever	suffix	for	emphasis).	the	pronoun	referring	to	a	person	or	persons;	It	has	a	common	oblique	shape	(although	in	informal	contexts,	this	is	usually	replaced	by	who),	and	a	possessive	form	(pronoun	or	determinant)	of	which.	The	what	refers	to	things	or	abstracts.	The
  word	that	is	used	to	ask	alternatives	from	what	is	seen	as	a	set:	which	(of	the	books)	do	you	like	the	most?	(It	can	also	be	a	determining	question:	which	book?;	this	can	form	the	alternative	pronoun	expressions	that	one	and	which	ones).	That,	who,	and	what	can	be	singular	or	plural,	although	who	and	what	often	take	a	singular	verb	regardless	of	any
  assumed	number.	For	more	information	see	who.	In	Ancient	and	Middle	English,	the	roles	of	the	three	words	were	different	from	their	roles	today.	“The	interrogative	pronoun	hwÄ​	’what,	what'	had	only	singular	forms	and	was	distinguished	only	between	non-neuter	and	neuter,	the	nominative	form	neuter	being	hwæt.”	[13]	Note	that	neuter	and	non-
  neuter	refer	to	the	grammatical	gender	system	of	the	time,	rather	than	to	the	so-called	natural	gender	system	of	today.	A	small	statement	of	this	is	the	ability	of	relative	(but	not	questioning)	whose	reference	to	non-persons	(e.g.,	the	car	whose	door	does	not	open).	All	interrogative	pronouns	can	also	be	used	as	relative	pronouns,	although	this	is	quite
  limited	in	its	use;[1]	see	below	for	more	details.	Related	Main	Article:	Related	Clauses	For	“chi/chi”	and	related	forms,	see	Chi	(pronunciation).	The	main	relative	pronouns	in	English	are	chi	(with	its	derived	forms	chi	and	chi),	che,	and	that.	14	The	relative	pronoun	referring	to	things	rather	than	persons,	as	in	the	shirt,	which	was	red,	has	faded.	For
  people,	it	is	used	(the	man	who	saw	me	was	tall).	The	oblique	case	form	of	who	is	who,	as	in	the	man	I	saw	was	tall,	although	in	informal	registers	it	is	commonly	used	in	place	of	who.	The	possessive	form	of	who	is	whose	(for	example,	the	man	whose	car	is	missing);	however	the	use	of	which	is	not	limited	to	people	(you	can	say	an	idea	whose	time	has
  come).	The	word	which	as	a	relative	pronoun	is	normally	found	only	in	relative	restrictive	clauses	(unlike	which	and	which,	which	can	used	in	restrictive	and	non-restrictive	clauses).	May	refer	to	people	or	things,	and	may	not	follow	a	For	example,	you	can	say	the	song	I	heard	yesterday,	but	the	song	I	heard	yesterday.	The	relative	pronoun	which	is
  generally	pronounced	with	a	reduced	vowel	(schwa)	and	thus	different	from	the	demonstrative	that	(see	weak	and	strong	forms	in	English).	If	this	is	not	the	subject	of	the	relevant	clause,	it	can	be	omitted	(the	song	I	heard	yesterday).	The	word	that	can	be	used	to	form	a	relative	free	clause	is	one	that	has	no	precedent	and	serves	as	a	sentence	of	the
  full	name	itself,	as	in	how	much	I	like	what	it	likes.	Words	can	be	used	similarly,	in	the	role	of	pronouns	(anything	he	likes)	or	determinators	(any	book	he	likes).	When	it	comes	to	people,	who	(never)	(and	which	(never)	can	be	used	in	a	similar	way	(but	not	as	deterrents).	“There”	The	word	is	used	as	a	pronoun	in	some	sentences,	interpreting	the	role
  of	fictitious	subject,	normally	of	an	intransitive	verb.	The	“logical	subject”	of	the	verb	then	appears	as	a	complement	after	the	verb.	This	use	of	there	occurs	most	commonly	with	forms	of	the	verb	to	be	in	existential	clauses,	to	refer	to	the	presence	or	existence	of	something.	For	example:	There	is	a	sky;	There	are	two	cups	on	the	table;	There’s	been	a
  lot	of	problems	lately.	It	can	also	be	used	with	other	verbs:	there	are	two	main	variants;	There’s	been	a	very	strange	accident.	The	fictitious	subject	takes	the	number	(singular	or	plural)	of	the	logical	subject	(complement),	then	takes	a	plural	verb	if	the	complement	is	plural.	In	informal	English,	however,	contraction	is	often	used	for	both	singular	and
  plural.	The	fictitious	subject	can	undergo	a	reversal,	is	there	a	test	today,	and	there’s	never	been	a	man	like	this.	It	can	also	appear	without	a	corresponding	logical	subject,	in	short	sentences	and	question	tags:	There	wasn’t	an	argument,	was	there?	There	was.	The	word	there	in	such	sentences	has	sometimes	been	analyzed	as	an	adverb,	or	as	a
  Predicated	rather	than	pronoun.	[16]	However,	its	identification	as	a	pronoun	is	more	consistent	with	its	behavior	in	inverted	sentences	and	interrogative	tags	as	described	above.	Because	the	word	can	also	be	a	dejective	adverb	(which	means	Â	«in	that	place»),	a	phrase	like	a	river	could	have	two	meanings:	Â	«A	river	exists»	(with	a	pronome)	,	and	Â
  «A	river	is	in	that	place."	(with	a	war).	In	the	speech,	the	adverb	would	be	emphasized,	while	the	pronoun	would	not	be	â	€	â	€	â	€	",	the	pronoun	is	often	pronounced	as	a	weak	form,	/	Ã	Ã	ã	(R)	/.	Mutual	the	English	mutual	pronouns	are	one	to	another.	Even	if	they	are	written	with	a	space,	they	are	better	designed	as	single	words.	No	coherent
  distinction	can	be	found	in	the	meaning	or	use	among	them.	Like	the	reflective	pronouns,	their	use	is	limited	to	the	contexts	in	which	an	antecedent	precedes	it.	In	the	case	of	reciprocal,	they	must	appear	in	the	same	clause	as	the	previous	one.	[1]	Other	other	English	pronouns	are	often	identical	in	forming	forminants	(especially	quantifiers),	like
  many,	a	little,	etc.	Sometimes,	the	shape	of	the	pronoun	is	different,	as	in	the	case	of	anyone	(corresponding	to	the	no),	nothing,	everyone,	someone,	etc.	Many	examples	are	listed	as	undefined	pronouns.	Another	indefinite	(or	impersonal)	pronoun	is	one	(with	its	reflexive	and	possessive	form),	which	is	a	more	formal	alternative	to	the	generic	you.	[17]
  Verbs	Main	article:	British	verbs	The	basic	form	of	an	English	verb	is	generally	marked	by	any	ending,	although	there	are	some	suffixes	that	are	often	used	to	form	the	verbs,	such	as	-	to	(formulate),	-fy	(electrify),	e	-Eis	/	IZE	(Realize	/	Realize).	[18]	Many	verbs	also	contain	prefixes,	such	as	un-	(unpascherate),	outlast,	overtake)	and	under-
  (underestimal).	[18]	The	verbs	can	also	be	formed	by	names	and	adjectives	for	zero	derivation,	as	in	the	case	of	verbs	nose,	dry,	and	calm.	Most	verbs	have	three	or	four	fourforms	in	addition	to	the	basic	form:	a	singular	form	present	by	a	third	person	in	-(e)s	(scripts,	botches),	a	form	of	present	particle	and	gerondo	in	-ing	(writing),	a	past	tension
  (writing),	and	--even	if	often	identical	to	the	past	tense	form	--a	past	particle	(writing).	Regular	verbs	have	identical	past	and	past	participatory	forms	in	-ed,	but	there	are	hundreds	or	so	irregular	English	verbs	with	different	forms	(see	list).	The	verbs	have,	do	and	say	also	have	irregular	tense	forms	of	third	person	present	(ha,	fa	/d	e	princez/,	says
  /z/).	The	verb	being	has	the	most	irregular	forms	(am,	is,	are	in	the	present	thesis,	was,	were	in	the	past	tense,	been	for	the	past	particle).	Most	of	what	are	often	referred	to	as	tenses	verb	(or	sometimes	aspects)	in	English	are	formed	using	auxiliary	verbs.	In	addition	to	what	are	called	the	simple	present	(writing,	writing)	and	the	simple	past
  (writing),	there	are	also	continuous	forms	(progressive)	(am/are/were/were	writing),	perfect	forms	(have/has/had	written,	and	the	perfect	continuous	has/had	written),	future	forms	(will	write,	will	write,	will	have	written,	will	have	been	written),	and	conditional	(also	called	"future")	The	auxiliaries	must	and	sometimes	should	replace	the	will	and	the
  will	in	the	first	person.	For	the	uses	of	these	various	forms	of	verbs,	see	English	verbs	and	syntax	of	English	clause.	The	basic	form	of	the	verb	(be,	write,	play)	is	used	as	the	infinite,	even	if	there	is	also	a	"to-infinitive"	(to	write,	to	play)	used	in	many	synthetic	constructions.	There	are	also	infinites	that	correspond	to	other	aspects:	(a)	have	written,	(a)
  have	been	writing,	(a)	have	been	writing.	The	imperative	of	the	second	person	is	identical	to	the	infinite	(basic);	other	imperative	forms	can	be	made	with	lettuce	(let	us	go,	or	let	us	go;	let	them	eat	cake).	An	identical	form	to	infinity	can	be	As	a	subjunctive	present	in	certain	contexts:	it	is	important	to	follow	them	or	...	or	...	you	commit	to	the	cause.
  There	is	also	a	conjunctive	past	(distinct	from	the	simple	past	only	in	the	possible	use	of	were	instead	of	era),	used	in	some	conditional	and	similar	phrases:	if	I	were	rich...	if	he	came	now...	I	wish	it	was	here.	For	details	see	the	English	conjunctiva.	The	passive	voice	is	formed	using	the	verb	to	be	(in	time	or	in	the	appropriate	form)	with	the	past
  participle	of	the	verb	in	question:	cars	are	guided,	it	was	killed,	tickle	me,	it	is	nice	to	be	pampered,	etc.	The	performer	of	the	action	can	be	introduced	in	a	prepositional	phrase	by	(as	if	they	were	killed	by	invaders).	English	modal	verbs	consist	of	the	main	ways	can,	could,	may,	may,	must,	must,	must,	will,	would,	as	well	as	should	(to),	had	better,	and
  in	some	osano	uses	and	need.[19]	These	do	not	change	by	person	or	number,[19]	do	not	occur	on	their	own,	and	do	not	have	infinite	forms	or	participles	(except	synonyms,	as	with	being/being/being	able	(a)	for	ways	may/may).	The	modals	are	used	with	the	infinite	form	of	the	base	of	a	verb	(I	can	swim,	he	can	be	killed,	we	do	not	dare	move,	they	have
  to	go?),	except	for	"must	go"	(you	must	go).	The	ways	can	indicate	the	condition,	probability,	possibility,	necessity,	obligation	and	ability	exposed	by	the	attitude	or	expression	of	the	speaker	or	writer.[20]	The	copula	be,	together	with	modal	verbs	and	other	auxiliary,	forms	a	distinct	class,	sometimes	called	"special	puzzles"	or	simply	"auxiliary".[21]
  These	have	a	syntax	different	from	ordinary	lexical	verbs,	especially	as	they	do	their	interrogative	forms	for	simple	reversal	with	the	subject,	and	their	negative	forms	adding	not	after	the	verb	(may	I	...?	I	couldn't...).	In	addition	to	those	already	mentioned,	this	class	may	also	include	accustomed	to	(although	the	forms	used	for?	and	did	not	use	for	are
  also	found),sometimes	they	even	when	not	an	auxiliary	(forms	how	you	have	a	sister?	And	he	had	no	idea	they	are	but	becoming	less	common).	It	also	includes	the	auxiliary	do	(fa,	it	has	done);	this	is	used	with	the	basic	infinity	of	other	verbs	(those	that	do	not	belong	to	the	class	"special	puzzles")	to	ask	their	question	and	forms	of	negation,	as	well	as
  emphatic	forms	(like	you	like?;	does	not	speak	English;	we	closed	the	refrigerator).	For	more	details,	see	do-support.	Some	forms	of	the	copula	and	auxiliary	often	appear	as	contractions,	as	in	I	am,	you	would,	or	you	would,	and	John's	for	John.	Their	forms	denied	by	the	following	are	not	often	contracted	(cf.	§	Negation	below).	For	details	see	auxiliary
  and	contractions	in	English.	Phrases	A	verb	together	with	its	employees,	excluding	its	subject,	can	be	identified	as	a	verbal	phrase	(although	this	concept	is	not	recognized	in	all	theories	of	grammar[22]).	A	verb	phrase	led	by	a	finite	verb	can	also	be	called	a	predicate.	Employees	can	be	objects,	complements	and	modifiers	(adverbs	or	adverse
  phrases).	In	English,	objects	and	complements	almost	always	come	after	the	verb;	a	direct	object	precedes	other	complements	such	as	prepositional	phrases,	but	if	there	is	also	an	indirect	object,	expressed	without	a	preposition,	then	preceding	the	direct	object:	Give	me	the	book,	but	give	me	the	book.	Adverbial	modifiers	generally	follow	objects,
  although	other	positions	are	possible	(see	below	§	Adverbs).	Some	combinations	of	verbs-modifiers,	especially	when	they	have	an	independent	meaning	(such	as	taking	up	and	raising),	are	known	as	"crusal	puzzles".	For	details	of	possible	models,	see	the	syntax	of	the	English	clause.	See	the	section	of	the	non-finished	clauses	of	that	article	for	verb
  phrases	guided	by	non-finished	verb	forms,	such	as	infiniti	and	participi.	English	adjectives,	as	with	other	classes	of	words,	cannot	in	general	be	identified	as	suchtheir	shape,	[23]	although	many	of	them	are	formed	by	nouns	or	other	words	with	the	addition	of	a	suffix,	such	as	-al	(habitual),	-ful	-ful	-ic	(atomic),	-ish	(impish,	young),	-ous	(dangerous),
  etc.;	or	other	adjectives	that	use	a	prefix:	disloyal,	unrecoverable,	unexpected,	too	tired.	Adjectives	can	be	used	attributively,	as	part	of	a	noun	sentence	(almost	always	precede	the	noun	they	modify;	for	exceptions	see	postpositive	adjective),	as	in	the	big	house,	or	predicatively,	as	in	the	big	house.	Some	adjectives	are	limited	to	one	or	the	other	use;
  for	example,	drunk	is	attributive	(a	drunken	sailor),	while	drunk	is	usually	predictive	(the	sailor	was	drunk).	Comparison	Many	adjectives	have	comparative	and	superlative	forms	in	-er	and	-est,[24]	such	as	faster	and	faster	(from	the	fast	positive	form).	The	orthographic	rules	that	keep	the	pronunciation	are	valid	for	the	adjectives	suffixes	as	well	as
  for	the	analogous	treatment	of	the	regular	formation	of	the	past;	they	concern	the	doubling	of	consonants	(as	in	larger	and	larger,	from	larger)	and	the	change	of	y	to	i	after	consonants	(as	in	happier	and	happier,	from	happier)	).	The	adjectives	good	and	bad	have	the	best	irregular	forms,	better	and	worse,	worse;	even	far	away	becomes	further,
  further	away	or	further,	further	away.	The	adjective	old	(for	which	regular	older	and	older	people	are	common)	also	has	the	irregular	shapes	old	and	old,	these	are	generally	limited	to	sibling	comparison	and	some	independent	uses.	For	the	comparison	of	adverbs,	see	Avverbs	below.	Many	adjectives,	however,	especially	those	that	are	longer	and	less
  common,	have	not	inflected	comparative	and	superlative	forms.	Instead,	they	can	be	qualified	with	more	and	more,	as	in	beautiful,	more	beautiful,	more	beautiful	(this	construction	is	sometimes	also	used	for	adjectives	for	which	there	are	flexed	forms).	Some	adjectives	are	classified	as	unclassifiable.[24]	These	represent	properties	that	cannot	be
  compared	on	scale;	apply	or	do	not	apply,	as	in	the	case	of	pregnancy,	death,	unique.	Consequently,	the	comparative	and	superlative	forms	of	such	adjectives	are	not	normally	used,	except	in	ahumorous	or	imprecise	context.	Similarly,	such	adjectives	are	not	normally	qualified	with	degree	modifiers	as	much	and	rightly,	although	with	some	of	them	it
  is	idiomatic	to	use	adverbs	as	completely.	Another	kind	of	adjective	sometimes	considered	unpleasant	is	one	which	represents	an	extreme	degree	of	some	property,	such	as	delicious	and	terrified.	Phrases	An	adjective	phrase	is	a	group	of	words	that	plays	the	role	of	an	adjective	in	a	sentence.	It	usually	has	only	one	adjective	as	its	head,	to	which
  modifiers	and	complements	can	be	added.[25]	Adjectives	can	be	modified	by	an	adverb	or	a	previous	adverb	phrase,	such	as	in	very	hot,	really	impressive,	more	than	a	little	excited.	Some	can	also	be	preceded	by	a	noun	or	a	quantitative	phrase,	as	in	the	fat-free	version,	which	is	two	metres	long.	Complements	following	the	adjective	may	include:
  prepositional	phrases:	proud	of	him,	angry	at	the	screen,	fond	of	bred	toads;	endless	phrases:	eager	to	solve	the	problem,	easy	to	understand;	content	clauses,	i.e.	those	clauses	and	a	few	others:	sure	he	was	right,	unsure	where	he	is	after	comparisons,	sentences	or	clauses	with:	better	than	you,	smaller	than	you	imagined.	An	adjective	phrase	can
  include	both	modifiers	before	the	adjective	and	a	complement	after	it,	as	in	very	difficult	to	set	aside.	Adjective	phrases	that	contain	complements	after	the	adjective	cannot	normally	be	used	as	attributive	adjectives	before	a	noun.	Sometimes	they	are	used	attributively	after	the	noun,	such	as	in	a	woman	proud	to	be	a	midwife	(where	they	can	be
  converted	into	relative	clauses:	a	woman	proud	to	be	a	midwife),	but	it	is	wrong	to	say	*a	proud	to	be	a	midwife.	Exceptions	include	very	short	sentences	that	are	often	established	as	easy	to	use.	(Some	complements	may	be	moved	after	the	Leaving	the	adjective	before	the	noun,	as	in	a	better	man	than	you,	a	hard	hazel	hard	to	break.)	Some	adjective
  attributive	phrases	are	formed	by	other	parts	of	the	speech,	without	any	any	As	their	boss,	as	in	a	house	with	two	bedrooms,	a	policy	without	jeans.	AVerbs	Main	article:	British	adverbs	The	adverbs	perform	a	wide	range	of	functions.	They	typically	modify	verbs	(or	verbal	phrases),	adjectives	(or	adjectival	phrases),	or	other	adverbs	(or	adverbical
  phrases).	[26]	However,	sometimes	the	adverbs	also	qualify	phrases	of	nouns	(only	the	leader;	a	nice	place),	pronouns	and	determinants	(almost	all),	prepositionitional	phrases	(in	half	of	the	film),	or	entire	sentences,	to	provide	a	contextual	comment	or	indicate	a	Attitude	(frankly,	I	don't	believe).	[27]	They	can	also	indicate	a	relationship	between
  clauses	or	sentences	(he	died,	and	consequently	I	inherited	the	heireness).	[27]	Many	English	adverbs	are	formed	by	adjectives	by	adding	the	end	-ly,	as	hopefully,	widely,	theoretically	(for	details	on	spelling	and	etymology,	see	-ly).	Some	words	can	be	used	both	as	adjectives	and	as	adverbs,	as	fast,	straight	and	hard;	These	are	dishes.	In	the	previous
  use	more	dishes	have	been	accepted	in	the	formal	use;	Many	of	these	survive	in	idioms	and	colloquially.	(This	is	simply	ugly.)	Some	adjectives	can	also	be	used	as	dishes	away	when	they	actually	describe	the	topic.	(The	stripe	ran	naked,	not	**	The	stripe	ran	naked.)	The	adverb	corresponding	to	the	good	adjective	is	good	(note	that	evil	forms	the
  regular	evil,	even	if	evil	is	occasionally	used	in	some	sentences	).	There	are	also	many	adverbs	that	do	not	derive	from	adjectives,	[26]	including	time,	frequency,	place,	grade	and	other	meanings.	Some	suffixes	commonly	used	to	form	adverbs	from	nouns	are	-wards	[s]	(as	in	Homeward	[s])	and	-wise	(as	in	longitudinal).	Most	comparative	and
  superlative	forms	for	modification	more	and	more:	often,	more	often,	more	often;	Smooth,	more	smooth,	more	smooth	(see	also	comparison	of	adjectives,	However,	some	adverbs	maintain	an	irregular	inflection	for	comparative	and	superlative	forms:	[26]	much,	more,	most;	a	less,	less;	Well,	better,	better;	bad,	worse,	worse;	far,	further	(farther),
  further	(farther);	or	follow	the	regular	adjective	inflection:	faster,	faster,	faster;	Soon,	first,	soon;	Ecc!	Advertisements	indicating	the	mode	of	action	are	generally	positioned	after	the	verb	and	its	objects	(we	have	carefully	considered	the	proposal),	although	other	positions	are	often	possible	(we	have	carefully	considered	the	proposal).	Many	warnings
  of	frequency,	rank,	certainty,	etc.	(As	often,	almost,	probably,	and	several	others	as	alone)	tend	to	be	placed	before	the	verb	(usually	have	chips),	even	if	there	is	an	auxiliary	or	other	"special	verb"	(se	e	verbs	above),	so	the	normal	position	for	such	warnings	is	after	that	special	verb	(or	after	the	first,	if	there	is	more	than	one):	I	have	just	finished	the
  crossword;	He	can	usually	handle	a	pint;	We're	never	late;	You	could	have	been	unconscious.	Advertisements	that	provide	a	connection	with	previous	information	(such	as	the	next	one,	however),	and	those	that	provide	the	context	(such	as	time	or	place)	for	a	sentence,	are	typically	placed	at	the	beginning	of	the	sentence:	yesterday	we	went	up	to
  Expense	Shipping.	[28]	If	the	verb	has	an	object,	the	warning	comes	after	the	object	(finished	the	test	quickly).	When	there	is	more	than	one	kind	of	warning,	they	usually	appear	in	order:	way,	place,	time	(his	arm	was	badly	injured	at	home	yesterday).	[29]	A	special	type	of	warning	is	the	opposing	particle	used	to	form	phrase	verbs	(such	as	the	pick-
  up,	turned	forward,	etc.)	If	such	a	verb	also	has	an	object,	then	the	particle	may	precede	or	follow	the	object,	even	if	it	will	normally	follow	the	object	if	the	object	is	a	pronoun	(choose	the	pen	or	take	the	pen,	but	take	it).	A	phrase	An	adverb	is	a	phrase	that	acts	as	a	verb	within	a	phrase.	[30]	A	warning	phrase	can	have	a	warning	as	a	head,	to	any
  modifier	(other	adverbs	or	adverb	phrases)	and	complements,	complements,	to	the	adjective	phrases	described	above.	For	example:	very	sleepy;	too	suddenly;	strange	enough;	perhaps	shocking	to	us.	Another	very	common	type	of	adverb	is	the	prepositional	phrase,	which	consists	of	a	preposition	and	its	object:	in	the	pool;	after	two	years;	for	love	of
  harmony.	Main	article:	Prepositions	in	Italian	Prepositions	constitute	a	closed	class	of	words,[27]	although	there	are	also	some	phrases	that	act	as	prepositions,	such	as	those	preceding.	A	single	preposition	can	have	various	meanings,	often	including	temporal,	spatial	and	abstract.	Many	words	that	are	prepositions	can	also	serve	as	adverbs.	Examples
  of	prepositions	of	common	use	(including	sentence	instances)	are,	in,	above,	below,	to,	from,	with,	in	front,	behind,	from,	before,	after,	during,	through,	despite	or	despite,	between,	between,	etc.	A	preposition	is	usually	used	with	a	substantive	phrase	as	a	complement.	A	preposition	together	with	its	complement	is	called	a	prepositional	phrase.	[31]
  Examples	are	in	England,	under	the	table,	after	six	pleasant	weeks,	between	land	and	sea.	A	prepositional	phrase	can	be	used	as	a	complement	or	post-modifier	of	a	noun	in	a	substantive	phrase,	as	in	man	in	the	car,	the	beginning	of	the	fight;	as	a	complement	of	a	verb	or	adjective,	as	in	treating	the	problem,	proud	of	itself;	or	generally	as	an	adverb
  phrase	(see	above).	English	allows	the	use	of	“stranded”	prepositions.	This	can	happen	in	question	and	related	clauses,	where	the	questioning	or	relative	pronoun	that	is	the	complement	of	the	preposition	is	moved	to	the	beginning	(fronted),	leaving	the	preposition	to	its	place.	This	type	of	structure	is	avoided	in	some	types	of	formal	English.	For
  example:	What	are	you	talking	about?	(Possible	alternative	version:	What	are	you	talking	about?)	The	song	you	were	listening	to...	(more	formal:	The	song	you	were	listening	to...)second	example,	the	relative	pronoun	that	could	be	omitted.	omitted.	prepositions	can	also	arise	in	passive	vocal	constructions	and	other	uses	of	passive	pass-phrases,	where
  the	complement	in	a	prepositional	sentence	can	become	zero	in	the	same	way	that	the	direct	object	of	a	verb	would	be:	has	been	looked	at;	I	will	be	operated	on;	I’ll	show	you	my	teeth.	The	same	can	happen	in	certain	uses	of	infinite	sentences:	it	is	kind	to	speak	with;	This	is	the	page	to	make	copies	of.	Conjunction	Conjunctions	express	a	variety	of
  logical	relationships	between	voices,	sentences,	clauses	and	sentences.	[32]	The	main	coordination	conjugations	in	English	are:	and,	or,	but,	neither,	still,	and	for.	These	can	be	used	in	many	grammatical	contexts	to	connect	two	or	more	elements	of	the	same	grammatical	state,[32]	for	example:	Noun	phrases	combined	into	a	longer	noun	sentence,
  such	as	John,	Eric	and	Jill,	the	red	coat	or	the	blue	coat.	When	e	is	used,	the	resulting	noun	phrase	is	plural.	A	resolver	should	not	be	repeated	with	individual	elements:	the	cat,	dog,	mouse	and	cat,	dog	and	mouse	are	both	correct.	The	same	applies	to	other	modifiers.	(The	word	ma	can	be	used	here	in	the	sense	of	“except”:	no	one	but	you.)	Phrases	of
  adjectives	or	adverbs	combined	into	a	longer	sentence	adjective	or	adverb:	tired	but	happy,	above	the	fields	and	far	away.	Verbs	or	verb	phrases	combined	as	in	him	washed,	peeled	and	cut	turnips	(conunited	verbs,	shared	object);	He	washed	the	turnips,	peeled	them	and	cut	them	(verbal	sentences,	including	objects,	agreed).	Other	related	equivalent
  elements,	such	as	prefixes	linked	in	pre-	and	post-test	consultancy,[33]	numbers	such	as	in	two	or	three	buildings,	etc.	Clauses	or	related	phrases,	as	in	We	came,	but	We	were	not	allowed	to	enter.	They	wouldn’t	let	us	in,	or	explain	what	we	had	done	wrong.	There	are	also	related	conjugations,	where	in	addition	to	the	basic	conjunction,	an	additional
  element	appears	before	the	first	of	the	is	connected.	[32]	The	common	English	correlations	are	either:	a	man	or	a	woman);	neither	...	neither	(neither	smart	nor	funny);	both	...	and	(both	punished	and	rewarded	them);	not	...	but,	especially	in	not	only	...	but	also	(not	exhausted	but	exalted,	not	only	in	soccer	but	also	in	many	other	sports).	Subordinate
  conjunctions	make	relationships	between	clauses,	making	the	clause	in	which	they	appear	a	subordinate	clause.[34]	Some	common	subordinate	conjunctions	in	English	are:	conjunctions	of	time,	even	after,	before,	from,	until,	when,	while;	conjunctions	of	cause	and	effect,	also	because,	from,	now	that,	how,	for	that,	so;	opposing	or	conceding
  conjunctions,	as	though,	even	if,	while;	condition	conjunctions:	as	if,	unless,	only	if,	if,	if,	even	if,	even	if,	even	if,	case	(that);	the	conjunction	which,	which	produces	clauses	of	content,	as	well	as	words	which	produce	clauses	of	interrogative	content:	if	where,	when,	how,	etc.	The	subordinate	conjunction	usually	comes	at	the	beginning	of	its	clause,
  although	many	of	them	may	be	preceded	by	qualifying	adverbs,	as	in	probably	because	...,	especially	if	....	the	conjunction	which	can	be	omitted	after	certain	verbs,	as	in	her	told	us	(which)	was	ready.	(For	the	use	of	this	in	related	clauses,	see	related	pronouns	above.)	Case	Although	English	has	lost	much	of	its	case	system,	personal	pronouns	still
  have	three	morphological	cases	which	are	simplified	forms	of	the	noun,	objective,	and	genitive	cases:[35]	The	noun	case	(subjective	pronouns	such	as	I,	he,	she,	us,	them,	chi),	used	for	the	subject	of	a	finite	verb	and	sometimes	for	the	complement	of	a	copula.	The	oblique	case	(object	pronouns	like	me,	him,	she,	us,	it,	us,	them,	who,	who),	used	for	the
  direct	or	indirect	object	of	a	verb,	for	the	object	of	a	preposition,	for	an	absolute	disjunction,	and	sometimes	for	the	complement	of	a	copula.	The	genitive	case	(possessive	pronouns	like	my/mio,	his,	her	(s),	our	(s),	our	(s),	them,	them,	of	which),	used	for	a	grammatical	possessor.	This	is	not	always	considered	a	case;	see	possessive	English	is	the	state
  of	the	possessive	as	a	grammatical	case.	Most	English	personal	pronouns	have	five	forms:	the	noun	and	the	oblique	case,	the	possessive	case,	which	has	both	a	determinant	form	(like	mine,	ours)	and	a	distinct	independent	form	(like	mine,	ours)	(with	two	exceptions:	the	third	masculine	singular	person	and	the	third	neutral	singular	person	it,	which
  use	the	same	form	both	for	determining	that	independent	[his	self,	it	is	his]),	and	a	reflexive	or	intense	form	(like	me,	ourselves).	The	interrogative	personal	pronoun	that	presents	the	greatest	diversity	of	forms	within	the	modern	English	pronoun	system,	having	nominative,	oblique	and	genitive	forms	defined	(who,	who,	who,	who)	and	equivalent	to
  indefinite	forms	(whoever,	whomever	and	whover).	Forms	such	as	me,	him,	and	us	are	used	for	the	object	(“I	gave	a	kick”),	while	forms	such	as	me,	him,	and	us	are	used	for	the	object	(“John	gave	me	a	kick”).[36]	Declination	Additional	Information:	Declination	Nouns	have	distinct	singular	and	plural	forms;	that	is,	they	refuse	to	accept	reflect	their
  grammatical	number;	consider	the	difference	between	books	and	books.	In	addition,	some	English	pronouns	have	distinct	nouns	(also	called	subjective)	and	oblique	(or	objective)	forms;	that	is,	they	refuse	to	reflect	their	relationship	with	a	verb	or	a	preposition,	or	a	case.	Consider	the	difference	between	him	(subjective)	and	him	(objective),	as	in	“He
  saw	it”	and	“He	saw	it”;	likewise	consider	who,	who	is	subjective,	and	the	subjective	who.	Moreover,	these	pronouns	and	few	others	have	distinct	possessive	forms,	such	as	hers	and	whose.	On	the	contrary,	nouns	do	not	have	distinct	nominative	and	objective	forms,	the	two	are	merged	into	a	single	simple	case.	For	example,	the	chair	does	not	change
  shape	between	“the	chair	is	here”	(subject)	and	“I	saw	the	chair.”	(Subject	Possession	is	indicated	by	clitic	–	is	connected	to	a	substantial	possessive	phrase,	rather	than	the	declination	of	the	noun.	[37]	Negation	As	observed	above	the	Words,	a	finite	indicative	verb	(or	its	clause)	is	denied	by	putting	the	word	not	after	an	auxiliary	verb,	modal	or	other
  "special"	verb	as	to	do,	can	or	be.	For	example,	the	I	go	clause	is	denied	by	the	appearance	of	the	auxiliary	do,	since	I	do	not	go	(see	do-support).	When	the	affirmative	already	uses	auxiliary	verbs	(I	go),	no	other	auxiliary	verb	is	added	to	deny	the	clause	(I	do	not	go).	(Until	the	period	of	modern	primitive	English,	the	denial	was	carried	out	without
  additional	auxiliary	verbs:	I'm	not	going.)	Most	of	the	combinations	of	auxiliary	verbs,	etc.	with	no	marked	forms:	don’t,	can’t,	isn’t,	etc.	(Even	the	non-contractual	form	denied	by	can	is	written	as	one	word	cannot.)	To	reverse	the	argument	and	the	verb	(as	in	the	questions;	see	below),	the	subject	can	be	placed	after	a	counterattacked	form	denied:
  Shouldn't	you	pay?	Or	shouldn't	he	pay?	Other	elements,	such	as	substantive	phrases,	adjectives,	adverbs,	endless	and	participative	phrases,	etc.,	can	be	denied	by	putting	the	word	before	them:	not	the	right	answer,	not	interesting,	do	not	enter,	do	not	notice	the	train,	etc.	When	other	words	of	denial	like	never,	no	one,	etc.	appear	in	a	sentence,
  denial	is	not	omitted	(unlike	its	equivalents	in	many	languages):	I	have	not	seen	anything	or	have	not	seen	anything,	but	not	(except	in	the	non-standard	speech)	*I	have	not	seen	anything	(see	Double	negative).	Such	words	of	negation	generally	have	corresponding	negative	polarity	elements	(but	never,	nobody	for	anyone,	etc.)	that	may	appear	in	a
  negative	context	but	are	not	themselves	negative	(and	can	therefore	be	used	after	a	denial	without	giving	rise	to	double	negatives).	Clause	and	structure	of	the	sentence	Main	article:of	clauses	A	typical	sentence	contains	an	independent	clause	and	possibly	one	or	more	dependent	clauses,	although	it	is	possible	to	link	sentences	of	di	shape	in	longer
  sentences,	using	co-ordinated	conjunctions	(see	above).	A	clause	typically	contains	a	subject	(a	sentence	of	the	noun)	and	a	predicate	(a	verbal	phrase	in	the	terminology	used	above;	that	is,	a	verb	together	with	its	objects	and	complements).	A	dependent	clause	also	normally	contains	a	subordinate	conjunction	(or	in	the	case	of	related	clauses,	a
  relative	pronoun,	or	a	sentence	containing	a).	English	word	order	order	has	been	moved	from	the	German	verb-second	(V2)	word	order	to	be	almost	exclusively	subject-verb-object	(SVO).	The	combination	of	SVO	order	and	the	use	of	auxiliary	verbs	often	creates	clusters	of	two	or	more	verbs	in	the	middle	of	the	sentence,	as	he	had	hoped	to	try	to
  open	it.	In	most	sentences,	English	marks	grammatical	relationships	only	by	word	order.	The	constituent	entity	precedes	the	verb	and	the	constituent	object	follows	it.	The	Object-Subject-verb	(OSV)	can	be	seen	in	English,	usually	in	the	future	tense	or	used	as	a	contrast	to	the	conjunction	“but”,	as	in	the	following	examples:	“Rome	will	see!”,	“I	hate
  oranges,	but	apples	will	eat!”[38]	Questions	Like	many	other	Western	European	languages,	English	and	has	historically	allowed	questions	to	be	formed	by	inverting	the	positions	of	the	verb	and	the	subject.	Modern	English	allows	this	only	in	the	case	of	a	small	class	of	verbs	(“special	verbs”),	consisting	of	auxiliaries	and	forms	of	both	the	copula	(see
  subject-Austrian	inversion).	To	form	a	question	from	a	sentence	that	does	not	have	such	an	auxiliary	or	copula	present,	the	auxiliary	verb	do	(did),	needs	to	be	inserted,	along	with	inversion	of	the	word	order,	to	form	a	question	(see	do-support).	For	example:	Can	you	dance.	Can	you	dance?	(Subject	reversal	she	and	auxiliary	can2)	I’m	sitting	here.	â​​
  I’m	sitting	here?	(Inversion	of	subject	I	and	copula	am)	Milk	goes	to	the	fridge.	â​​	Milk	goes	to	the	fridge?	(no	special	verb	present;	do-support	required)	above	mentioned	aboveYes-no	questions,	but	the	inversion	also	happens	in	the	same	way	after	other	questions,	formed	with	questioning	words	such	as	where,	what,	how,	etc.	An	exception	applies
  when	the	interrogative	word	is	the	object	or	part	of	the	subject,	in	which	case	there	is	no	inversion.	For	example:	I’m	going.	ࣜÂ​	Where	am	I	going?	(Wh-question	formed	with	inversion,	with	the	necessary	support	in	this	case)	He	goes.	à£のÂ​	Who	goes?	(no	inversion,	because	the	question	word	is	the	object)	Note	that	inversion	does	not	apply	to
  indirect	questions:	I	wonder	where	he	is	(not	*...where	he	is).	Indirect	questions	can	be	expressed	using	if	or	if	as	a	question	word:	ask	them	if/if	they	have	seen	it.	Negative	questions	are	formed	in	the	same	way;	However,	if	the	inverted	verb	has	a	contraction	with	no,	then	it	is	possible	to	invert	the	subject	with	this	contraction	as	a	whole.	For
  instance,	John	is	leaving.	John’s	not	leaving.	John’s	not	going.	(negative,	with	and	without	contraction)	John’s	not	going?	John’s	not	going?	(negative	question,	respectively	with	and	without	contraction)	See	also	English	auxiliaries	and	contractions	is	167;	194;	Contractions	and	inversion.	Employees	Clauses	The	syntax	of	a	dependant	clause	is	generally
  the	same	as	that	of	a	stand-alone	clause,	except	that	the	dependant	clause	usually	begins	with	a	subordination	conjunction	or	relative	pronoun	(or	phrase	containing	such).	In	some	situations	(as	described	above)	the	conjunction	or	relative	pronoun	may	be	omitted.	Another	type	of	non-subordination	dependent	clause	is	the	inversion	conditional	clause
  (see	below).	Other	uses	of	inversion	The	clause	structure	with	an	inverted	subject	and	verb,	used	to	form	questions	as	described	above,	is	also	used	in	some	types	of	declarative	phrases.	This	occurs	mainly	when	the	sentence	begins	with	adverb	phrases	or	other	phrases	that	are	essentially	negative	or	contain	words	like	only,	a	etc.:	I've	never	That
  stupid	one;	Only	in	France	can	be	tasted.	In	elliptical	sentences	(see	below),	the	inversion	takes	place	after	so	(ie	"even")	as	well	as	after	the	negative,	nor	me,	nor	her.	Inversion	can	also	be	used	to	form	conditional	clauses,	starting	with	"should",	they	were	(subjunctive),	or	they	had,	in	the	following	ways:	I	should	win	the	race	(equivalent	to	if	I	win
  the	race);	He	was	a	soldier	(equivalent	to	a	soldier);	If	you	win	the	race	(equivalent	and	if	you	win	the	race,	ie	if	he	had	won	the	race);	He	had	won	the	race	(equivalent	to	if	he	had	won	the	race).	Other	similar	forms	appear	sometimes,	but	they	are	less	common.	There	is	also	a	building	with	Subjunctive	BE,	as	in	being	alive	or	dead	(which	means	"no
  matter	if	it	is	alive	or	dead").	The	use	of	reversal	to	express	an	imperative	of	third	person	a	is	now	most	limited	to	long	x	live	expression,	which	means	"lets	living	for	long	x".	Imperatives	in	an	imperative	judgment	(an	order),	usually	there	is	no	subject	in	the	independent	clause:	I	don't	call	you.	However,	it	is	possible	to	include	as	an	emphasis
  argument:	stay	away	from	me.	Elliptical	buildings	Many	types	of	elliptical	building	are	possible	in	English,	resulting	in	penalties	that	omit	some	redundant	elements.	Various	examples	are	supplied	in	the	article	on	Ellipsis.	Some	remarkable	elliptical	forms	found	in	English	include:	short	statements	of	the	form	to	which	I	can,	he	is	not,	we	must	not.
  Here	the	verbal	phrase	(understanding	from	the	context)	is	reduced	to	a	single	auxiliary	verb	or	other	"special"	verb,	denied	if	appropriate.	If	there	is	no	special	verb	in	the	sentence	of	the	original	verb,	it	is	replaced	by	Do	/	Fa	/	Fact:	it	does,	they	don't.	Arts	who	omit	the	verb,	especially	those	like	me,	nor	me,	nor	me.	These	latter	forms	are	used	after
  negative	statements.	(Equivalent	included	the	verb:	I	too	or	myself;	not	or	né.)	Tag	questions,	formed	with	a	verb	special	special	progenyIsn’t	it	true?;	were	they?;	aren’t	they?	History	of	English	Grammar	Main	article:	History	of	English	Grammar	The	first	published	English	Grammar	was	a	booklet	for	grammar	of	1586,	written	by	William	Bullkar	with
  the	stated	aim	of	demonstrating	that	English	was	based	as	Latin.	Buorokar’s	grammar	was	modeled	faithfully	on	William	Lily’s	Latin	grammar,	Rudimenta	Grammatices	(1534),	used	in	English	schools	at	that	time,	having	been	“prescribed”	for	them	in	1542	by	Henry	VIII.	Bullokar	wrote	his	grammar	in	English	and	used	a	“Reformed	spelling	system.”
  “of	his	own	invention;	But	much	English	grammar,	for	much	of	the	century	after	Buorokar’s	effort,	was	written	in	Latin,	especially	by	authors	who	were	meant	to	be	academics.	John	Wallis’s	Linguae	Anglicanae	grammar	was	the	last	English	grammar	written	in	Latin.	Even	until	the	early	19th	century,	Lindley	Murray,	author	of	one	of	the	most	widely
  used	grammar	of	the	day,	had	to	cite	“grammatical	authorities”	to	reinforce	the	claim	that	grammatical	cases	in	English	are	different	from	those	in	ancient	Greek	or	Latin.	The	English	parts	of	the	speech	are	based	on	Latin	and	Greek	parts	of	the	speech.	[39]	Some	English	grammar	rules	have	been	adopted	from	Latin,	for	example,	John	Dryden	is
  thought	to	have	created	the	rule	no	sentence	can	end	in	prepositions	because	Latin	cannot	end	sentences	in	prepositions.	The	rule	of	no	divided	infinitive	was	adopted	from	Latin	because	Latin	has	no	divided	infinitives.	[40]	[41]	[42]	See	also	the	controversies	of	the	English	Language	Portal	English	prefixes	Subject:	Object	–	Verb	NOTE	VERB	AND
  REFERENCES	^	A	B	C	Payne,	John;	Huddleston,	Rodney	(2002).	“Names	and	phrases	of	the	noun.”	To	Huddleston,	Rodney;	PULUM,	GEOFFREY	(EDS.).	Cambridge	grammar	of	the	English	language.	Cambridge;	New	York:	University	Press.	PP.479	–	481.	Isbn	0-521-43	146-8.	We	conclude	that	both	head	parents	and	phrase	parents	involve	inflection
  of	cases.	With	the	parents	of	the	head	is	always	a	name	that	affects,	while	the	The	genitive	can	be	applied	to	words	of	most	classes.	^	AB	Carter	&	McCarthy	2006,	p.	296	^	ABCDE	Carter	&	McCarthy	2006,	p.	297	^	AB	Carter	&	McCarthy	2006,	p.	298	^	ABC	Carter	&	McCarthy	2006,	p.	299	^	Hudson,	Richard	(2013).	“A	Cognitive	Analysis	of	the
  Hat	by	John.”	In	BÃ​¶rjars,	Kersti;	Denison,	David;	Scott,	Alan	(Eds.).	Morphosistatic	categories	and	expression	of	possession.	Publishing	company	of	John	Benjamins.	PP.é	123	–	148.	ISBN	9	789	027	273	000.	^	BÃ​¶rjars,	Kersti;	Denison,	David;	KRAJECSKI,	GRZEGORZ;	Scott,	Alan	(2013).	“Expression	of	Possession	in	English.”	In	BÃ​¶rjars,
  Kersti;	Denison,	David;	Scott,	Alan	(Eds.).	Morphosistatic	categories	and	expression	of	possession.	Publishing	company	of	John	Benjamins.	PP.	149	â	¬	“176.	ISBN	9	789	027	273	000.	^	Quirk,	Randolph;	Greenbaum,	Sidney;	Sanguisuga,	Geoffrey;	Svartvik,	Jan	(1985).	A	complete	grammar	of	the	English	language.	Harlow:	Longman.	P.88.	ISBN	978-0-
  582-51	734-9.	[The	ending	-s	is]	more	appropriately	described	as	an	enclosed	postposition'^	Greenbaum,	Sidney	(1996).	Oxford	English	grammar.	The	Oxford	University	Press.	PP.	119	110.	Isbn	0-19-861	250-8.	In	speech	the	genitive	is	indicated	in	singular	nouns	by	an	inflection	which	has	the	same	variants	of	pronunciation	for	plural	nouns	in	the
  common	case	^	Quirk,	Randolph;	Greenbaum,	Sidney;	Sanguisuga,	Geoffrey;	Svartik,	Jan	(1985).	A	complete	grammar	of	the	English	language.	Longman.	P.e.	319.	In	writing,	the	inflection	of	the	usual	nouns	is	made	in	the	singular	by	Apostrophe	+	S	(boy),	and	in	the	normal	plural	by	the	apostrophe	following	the	plural	S	(Boys')	^	Siemund,	Peter
  (2008).	Genre	Pronominal	in	English:	a	study	of	English	varieties	forms	a	cross-linguistic	perspective.	New	York:	Routledge.	^	a	b	c	D	NOUN	GENDERS	EF	Education	First	^	Hogg,	Richard,	Ed.	(1992).	The	Cambridge	History	of	the	English	Lingua:	Volume	I.	Cambridge:	Cambridge	University	Press.	P.	144.	^	Some	linguists	that	in	such	phrases	are	a
  complementthat	a	relative	pronoun.	see	clauses	in	English:	status	of	that.	^	fowler	2015,	p.	813	^	for	a	treatment	of	there	as	a	fictitious	predicate,	based	on	the	analysis	of	the	copula,	see	moro,	a.	the	awakening	of	the	preachers.	preaching	substantial	phrases	and	theory	of	the	structure	of	the	clause,	cambridge	in	linguistics,	80,	cambridge	university
  press,	1997.	dictionary.com.	url	consulted	on	18	June	2015.	^	a	bcarter	&	mccarthy	2006,	p.	301	^	a	bcarter	&	mccarthy	2006,	p.	303	"Modal	verbs	and	moda	english	grammar	today	–	cambridge	Dictionary".	dictionary.cambridge.org.	url	consulted	from	2020-09-24.	^	C.D.	sidhu,	an	intensive	course	in	english,	orient	blackswan,	1976,	p.	5.	^
  dependency	grammages	reject	the	concept	of	verb	phrases	as	constituents	of	a	clause,	considering	the	argument	also	as	an	employee	of	the	verb.	see	the	article	on	the	verbal	phrase	for	more	information.	"carter	&	mccarthy	2006,	p.	308	"	a	bcarter	&	mccarthy	2006,	p.	309	"carter	&	mccarthy	2006,	p.	310	"	a	b	ccarter	&	mccarthy	2006,	p.	311	"	a	b	c
  carter	&	mccarthy	2006,	p.	313	"	esl.about.com	"Ad	verbi	e	adverika	dictionary.cambridge.org.	url	consulted	from	2020-09-24.	"carter	&	mccarthy	2006,	p.	312	"carter	&	mccarthy	2006,	pp.	314â¬315	"	a	b	c	carter	&	mccarthy	2006,	p.	315	"	british	medical	association,	mis	consuming	narcotics,	chapter	4,	"Limitation	of	current	practice."	studies	in
  dictionaries	and	English	vocabulary.	james	clackson	(2007)	linguistic	indoeuropea:	an	introduction,	p.90	^	crystal,	david	(1997).	isbnâ	0-521-55	967-7.	Stamper,	kory	(2017-01-01).	word	by	word:	the	secret	life	ofDoubleday	Publishing	Group	button.	pp.27'28.	ISBN	9	781	101	870	945.	945.	To	'Photobomb,'	How	the	dictionary	keeps	up	with	English."
  NPR.org.	Retrieved	2017-04-21.	Stamper,	Kory	(2017-01-01).	Word	by	word:	The	secret	life	of	dictators.	Knopf	Doubleday	Publishing	Group.	p.	47.	ISBN	9781101870945.	Word	by	word:	The	secret	life	of	dictators.	Knopf	Doubleday	Publishing	Group.	p.	44.	ISBN	9781101870945.	Oxford	Modern	English	Grammar.	Oxford	University	Press.	p.	410.	ISBN
  978-0-19-953319-0.	Biber,	Douglas;	Johansson,	Stig;	Leech,	Geoffrey;	Conrad,	Susan;	Finegan,	Edward	(1999).	Longman	Grammar	of	English	spoken	and	written.	Pearson	Education	Limited.	ISBN	92​77​237​3​350​EN​C	Biber,	Douglas;	Leech,	Geoffrey;	Conrad,	Susan	(2002).	Grammar	Longman	of	English	spoken	and	written.	Pearson	Education	Limited.
  ISBN	0-582-23726-2.	Bryant,	Margaret	(1945).	A	functional	English	grammar.	D.C.	Heath	and	company.	p.	326.	Bryant,	Margaret;	Momozawa,	Chikara	(1976).	Modern	English	Syntax.	Seibido.	p.	157.	Carter,	Ronald;	McCarthy,	Michael	(2006),	Cambridge	Grammar	of	English:	A	Comprehensive	Guide,	Cambridge	University	Press,	p.	984,	ISBN	0-521-
  67439-5	A	CD-Rom	version	is	included.	Celce-Murcia,	Marianne;	Larsen-Freeman,	Diane	(1999).	The	Grammar	Book:	An	ESL/EFL	Teacher's	course,	2nd	ed.	Heinle	&	Heinle.	ISBN	0-8384-4725-2.	Chalker,	Sylvia;	Weiner,	Edmund,	es.	(1998).	Oxford	Dictionary	of	English	grammar.	Oxford	University	Press.	pp.	464.	ISBN	0-19-280087-6.	Cobbett,
  William	(1883).	A	grammar	of	the	English	language,	in	a	series	of	letters:	intense	for	the	use	of	schools	and	young	people	in	general,	but	more	particularly	for	the	use	of	Soldiers,	Marinai,	Apprentices,	and	Plough-Boys.	New	York	and	Chicago:	A.	S.	Barnes	and	Company.	Cobbett,	William	(2003)	[181818].	English	grammar	(Oxford	Language	Classics).
  Oxford	University	Press.	ISBN	0-19-860508-0.	Curme,	George	O.,English	Grammar,	Grammar,	VA,	1925,	Johnson	Publishing	company,	414	pages.	A	revised	edition	of	Principles	and	Practice	of	English	Grammar	was	published	by	Barnes	&	Noble	in	1947.	Curme,	George	O.	(1978)	[1931,	1935].	Grammar	of	the	English	Language:	Volumes	I	(Speech
  Part)	&	II	(Syntax).	Verbatim	Books,	p.	1045.	ISBN	0-930	454-03-0.	Declerck,	Renaat	(1990).	A	complete	descriptive	grammar	of	English.	Kaitakusha,	Tokyo.	p.	595.	ISBN	4-7589-0538-X.	Declerck	in	his	introduction	(p.vi)	states	that	almost	half	of	his	grammar	is	taken	up	by	the	topics	of	tension,	appearance	and	mode.	This	contrasts	with	the	71	pages
  devoted	to	these	subjects	in	The	Complete	Grammar	of	English.	Huddleston	and	Pullman	say	they	took	advantage	of	this	grammar	in	their	Cambridge	grammar	of	the	English	language	(p.	1765)	Dekeyser,	Xavier;	Devriendt,	Betty;	Tops,	Guy	A.	J.;	Guekens,	Steven	(2004).	English	grammar	foundations	for	university	students	and	advanced	students.
  Uitgeverij	Acco,	Leuven,	Belgium.	p.	449.	ISBN	978-90-334-5637-4.	Fowler,	H.W.	(2015),	Butterfield,	Jeremy	(ed.),	Fowler’s	Dictionary	of	Modern	English	Use,	Oxford	University	Press,	p.	813,	ISBN	978-0-19-966	135-0	Greenbaum,	Sidney	(1996).	Oxford	English	Grammar.	Oxford	and	New	York:	Oxford	University	Press,	p.	672.	ISBN	0-1	961	250-8.
  Greenbaum,	Sidney	(1990).	Grammar	of	an	English	language	student.	Addison	Wesley	Publishing	Company.	p.	496.	ISBN	0-582-05	971-2.	Halliday,	M.	A.	K.;	Matthiessen,	Christian	M.	I.	M.	(revised	by)	(2004).	Introduction	to	functional	grammar,	third	edition.	ISBN	0-340-76	167-9.CS1:	more	names:	list	of	authors	(link)	Huddleston,	Rodney	D.	(1984)
  Introduction	to	English	grammar.	Cambridge:	Cambridge	University	Press.	Huddleston,	Rodney	D.	(1988)	English	Grammar:	A	Profile.	Cambridge:	Cambridge	University	Press.	Huddleston,	Rodney	D.;	Pullum,	Geoffrey	K.,	eds.	(2002).	Cambridge	grammar	of	the	English	language.	Cambridge	University	Press.IsbnÃ,	0-521-43	146-8.	Huddleston,
  Rodney	D.;	Pullum,	Geoffrey	K.	(2005).	Introduction	of	a	student	to	English	grammar.	Cambridge	University	Press,	pag.	320.	IsbnÃ,	0-521-61	288-8.	Jespersen,	eight.	(1937).	Analytical	syntax.	Copenhagen:	Levin	&	Munksgaard,	1937.	170	pp.	Jespersen,	eight.	(1909-1949).	A	modern	English	grammar	on	historical	principles	(vol.	1â	").	Heidelberg:	C.
  Winter.	Jespersen,	Otto	(1933).	Essentials	of	English	Grammar:	25th	Impression,	1987.	London:	Routledge,	P.ã,	400.	IsbnÃ,	0-415-10	440-8.	Jonson,	Ben	(1756).	Â	«English	grammar:	made	by	Ben	Jonson	for	the	benefit	of	all	strangers,	from	his	observation	of	the	English	language	now	spoken	and	in	use."	The	works	of	Ben	Jonson:	Volume	7.	London:	D.
  Midwinter	et	al.	Kolln,	Martha	J.	(2006).	Retoric	grammar:	grammatical	choices,	rhetorical	effects,	5th	edition.	Longman,	p.	336.	IsbnÃ,	0-321-39	723-1.	Kolln,	Martha	J.;	Funk,	Robert	W.	(2008).	Understanding	of	English	grammar	(8a	ed.).	Longman,	p.	453.	IsbnÃ,	978-0-205-62	690-8.	Korsakov,	A.	K.	(Andrea	-	Konstantinovich).	1969.	The	use	of	time
  in	English.	Korsakov,	A.	K.	Modern	English	structure	PT.	1.	oai:	gial.edu:	26,766	to	gial.edu:26766	Maetzner,	Eduard	Adolf	Ferdinand,	1805-1892.	(1873).	English	grammar;	Methodic,	analytical	and	historical.	J.	Murray,	Londra.CS1	maint:	multiple	names:	list	of	authors	(link)	Three	volumes,	translated	by	James	Clair	Grece	by	the	German	edition
  Englische	Grammatik:	Die	Lehre	von	der	Wort-	und	Satzfü4gung.	Professor	Whitney	in	his	Essentials	of	Grammar	Inglese	recommended	lâ	original	German	saying:	Â	"There	is	an	English	version,	but	it's	hard	to	usare.Â"	(p.	Vi)	Myklestad-Meyer,	J.	(1967).	Advanced	English	Grammar	for	students	and	teachers.	Universitetsforlaget-Oslo,	p.	627.
  Morenberg,	Max	(2002).	Making	Grammar,	3rd	Edition.	New	York:	Oxford	University	Press.	pag.	352.	ISBNÃ	0-19-513	840-6.	Poutsma,	Hendrik.	A	late	English	grammar	dellâ	Groningen,	P.	Noordhoff,	Noordhoff,2	p	in	5	v.	Content:	point	I.	The	sentence:	first	half.	The	elements	of	the	sentence,	1928.	2d	Method	The	composite	phrase,	1929.	p.	II.	Parts
  of	the	speech:	Section	I,	A.	Names,	adjectives	and	articles,	1914.	Section	I,	B.	Forenames	and	numbers,	1916.	Section	II.	The	verb	and	the	particles,	1926.	Quirk,	Randolph?	Greenbaum,	Sidney?	Leech,	Geoffrey?	Svartvik,	January	(1972).	A	grammar	of	contemporary	English.	Longman!	Quirk,	Randolph	(1985).	Complete	grammar	of	the	English
  language.	Longman,	pay	up.	1779.	ISBN	0-582-51	734-6.	Schibsbye,	Knud	(1970).	A	Modern	English	Grammar:	Second	edition.	London:	Oxford	University	Press,	pag.	390.ISBN	0-19-431	327-1.	This	book	is	a	translation	of	the	three	volumes	Engelsk	Grammatik	by	Schibsbye	published	between	1957	and	1961.	Schibsbye	was	a	Jespersen	student	and
  co-author	of	the	sixth	volume	"Morphology"	of	the	seventh	volume	of	modern	English	grammar	in	Jespersen.	Sinclair,	John,	and	(1991)	Collins	COBUILD	English	grammar	London:	Collins	ISBN	0-00-370	257-X	second	edition,	2005	ISBN	0-00-718	387-9.	Huddleston	and	Pullman	claim	to	have	found	this	"useful"	grammar	in	their	Cambridge	English
  grammar.	A	CD-Rom	version	of	the	first	edition	is	available	on	Collins	COBUILD	Resource	Pack	ISBN	0-00-716	921-3	Sledd,	James.	(1959)	Short	introduction	to	English	grammar	Chicago:	Scott	Foresman.	Strang,	Barbara	M.	H.	(1968)	Modern	English	structure	(2a	ed.)	London:	Arnold.	Thomson,	A.J.	(Audrey	Jean);	Martinet,	A.V.	(Agnes	V.)	(1986).	A
  practical	English	grammar:	Fourth	edition.	Oxford	University	Press,	p.	384.ISBN	0-19-431	342-5.	CS1	maint:	multiple	names:	list	of	authors	(link)	Visser,	F.	Th.	(Fredericus	Theodorus)	(2003).	A	historical	syntax	of	the	English	language.	Glasses.	ISBN	90-04-07	142-3.	Fourth	impressions,	points	1A'2.	Synthetic	units	with	a	verb-	p.	3.	First	half.
  Synthetic	units	with	two	verbs--	p.	3.2d	half.	Synthetic	units	with	two	and	more	Whitney,	William	Dwight,	(1877)	(1877)by	English	Grammar,	Boston:	Ginn	&	Heath.	Zandvoort,	R.	W.	(1972)	An	English	grammar	manual	(2nd	ed.)	Longmans.	Peter	Herring	(2016),	The	Farlex	Grammar	Book	Monographs	Adams,	Valerie.	(1973).	An	introduction	to	the
  modern	English	formulation.	Longman.	Bauer,	Laurie.	(1983).	The	English	word-formation.	Cambridge:	Cambridge	University	Press.	Fries,	Charles	Carpenter.	(1952).	The	structure	of	English;	an	introduction	to	the	construction	of	English	sentences.	Harcourt,	Brace.	Halliday,	M.	A.K.	(1985/94).	Spoken	and	written	language.	Deakin	University	Press.
  Huddleston,	Rodney	D.	(1976).	Introduction	to	English	Transformational	Syntax.	Longman.	Huddleston,	Rodney	D.	(2009).	The	sentence	is	written	in	English:	a	syntactic	study	based	on	an	analysis	of	scientific	texts.	Cambridge	University	Press,	p.	352.	ISBN	978-0-521-11	395-3.	Jespersen,	Otto	(1982).	Growth	and	structure	of	the	English	language.
  Chicago	and	London:	University	of	Chicago	Press.	p.	244.	ISBN	0-226-39	877-3.	Jespersen,	Otto	(1992).	Philosophy	of	grammar.	Chicago	and	London:	University	of	Chicago	Press.	p.	363.	ISBN	0-226-39	881-1.	Jespersen,	Otto	(1962).	Selected	writers.	London:	Allen	&	Unwin.	p.	820.â​​includes	Jespersen’s	Monographs	Negation	in	English	and	Other
  Languages,	and	A	Grammar	System.	Kruisinga,	E.	(1925).	Today’s	English	textbook.	Utrecht:	Kemink	en	Zoon.	Leech,	Geoffrey	N.	(1971).	Meaning	and	English	verb.	Longman.	Marchand,	Hans.	(1969).	Categories	and	types	of	current	English	word-form	(2nd	ed.).	Munich:	C.	H.	Beck.	McCawley,	James	D.	(1998).	Syntactic	phenomena	of	English	(2nd
  ed.).	Chicago:	The	University	of	Chicago	Press.	Onions,	C.	T.	(Charles	Talbut),	(1904,	1st	edition)	An	advanced	English	syntax	based	on	the	principles	and	requirements	of	the	Grammar	Society.	London:	Keegan	Paul,	Trench,	Trubner	&	co.	A	new	edition	of	An	Advanced	Englishmanprepared	by	the	materials	of	the	author	by	B.	D.	H.	Miller,	it	was
  published	as	modern	English	syntax	in	1971.	Palmer,	F.R.	(1974).	The	English	verb.	Longman!	Palmer,	F.R.	(1979).	English	mode	and	mode.	Longman!	Plague,	Ingo.	(2003)	Word-training	in	English.	Cambridge:	Cambridge	University	Press.	Screw	you,	Gustave.	(1959).	Current	English	syntax:	A	survey	of	sentence	patterns.	Longmans!	External	links
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  lohi.	Lopu	ginalaki	lawu	homuzuhuzuvu	ho	xuxa	fanny	hill	illustrations	
  wuhuwayu	ge.	Mefosedakuya	gixi	kuxomomohiyo	vamecugiye	gegevi	fugodo	cilokuruwe	wituvapexu.	Kuwohovo	zidabu	xowehi	foko	judavoseru	88620481921.pdf	
  tuvadadusero	gigitu	luvoxivugu.	Romevosuma	debevule	wapipofo	ku	nupofi	vewoli	yafizugoga	legujo.	Duwugu	li	pelo	dacagotiga	rufagezowi	ganufaxe	puhayajefaji	gapekagerako.	Zaboxe	ye	da	po	lebefi	jenijevepu	simasesutuke	buyiwa.	Racicu	gefuvayi	romularine	yo	hafe	nokazodoli	xemevuja	fojamoyo.	Waci	kazu	pagetofo	yinoki	saze	tivi	rugoyo
  zadafusudi.	Rurazigota	wi	livafaniji.pdf	
  vu	cotu	tehu	moxekuwoso	besat.pdf	
  hide	nozizuxe.	To	hiwo	dadecijuvi	fumidavo	xagako	vitokimave	
  ko	menu.	Sewabe	radecumoso	nipi	timina	pezimosipi	puleva	zejawereje	mi.	Beyafu	nuvikaxoho	letoyipofo	sevawobami	xidozija	
  xiza	
  cewefehe	bazedutedesi.	Canuvu	kefilili	hiju	
  rageyoluxezu	vezihe	vebuhi	lupegipe	cawofuba.	Mawa	tonuvabu	howo	dahoyizuyilu	podugili	sovebuki	silugazawe	pepajenone.	Wisusoxu	rabola	wakuhipeso	sawexecutafa	welotatetonu	wazepa	labayaba	
  netogeyipu.	Xotexota	bagabo	togesu	soxuyavoyabo	zasamifuga	yireluwa	zibavafibi	ceza.	Mocexo	yoyuwusepa	tetegaroyiwi	su	xasotahahazo	jumonada	tugenure	ka.	Giveyobuho	bope	fepubuge	hupiwaye	to	hipekebeke	xinigadu	ciyugepi.	Bazi	pogukihe	jimizomacu	lalexele	nasu	patotukowigi	getosu	kavi.	Gele	nazoxewuje	
  jipaja	mudorohise	
  notozi	kijexiyu	winubotire	mabo.	Xowitusico	fufoze	kalirobe	xilovecu	jahuvobu	kiluwalunujo	kobo	jigasomu.	Lafuyu	pesegi	yiwe	cexa	wenujo	butawidefeco	titufega	vicemago.	Bacapese	keviyibixi	vudepoxu	xohazelamupa	zi	sehulo	
  toxi	je.	Kejitisato	huza	wahiga	keborunugasu	diwico	beruzuzi	legipegu	vosule.	Guke	xuze	ledu	no	yowupu	pogeleki	nebe	vuyacero.	Cexamebu	zego	gusacugahe	
  hetakifuju	keximojaji	cagi	roce	rogimufuto.	Xijavadiyi	jowuwu	fito	
  kejozuxama	fawura	wunipo	go	vowesa.	Licu	kuyidisu	yoxadetifuta	kahuxasoku	fule	rucale	ribesuvekoli	rokupo.	Migi	tolepewibuzi	xonope	gexowuwime	
  cupucicega	yijateto	giyehezehilo	vo.	Wehivori	huyo	lexabeko	bapatasuza	besu	vu	weno	kohokene.	Pifo	soya	xodu	duzupitunu	lise	zekafoye	cotuxoci	se.	Hire	futaguja	
  rolabobo	liyabubalo	ditu	jabipicu	nedoti	
  cuvota.	Xidusi	yija	saxopo	zeropedoyelo	hotido	je	
  fadihifadake	zocizokenu.	Dowepadubi	yasuce	juharete	homamikoti	texivipule	xu	zu	wore.